Understanding Fluid Balance and Volume Expanders Study Guide
This guide provides a comprehensive overview of interferons and monoclonal antibodies, key classes of biologic response-modifying drugs. It explains how these medications modulate the immune system to treat a variety of conditions, including cancers, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. The content covers the different types of interferons (Alpha, Beta, Gamma) and monoclonal antibodies, their specific therapeutic uses, mechanisms of action, and potential adverse effects. Essential nursing
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Pharmacology of Reproductive and Endocrine Hormones
Hormone Replacement and Contraceptives Pharmacology
This pharmacology content covers female reproductive hormones including estrogens and progesterone, their indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and nursing considerations.
- Female reproductive hormones
- Estrogens
- Progesterone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Estradiol
- Estrone
- Estriol
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
- Estrogenic drugs
- Transdermal estradiol
- Contraindications of estrogens
- Adverse effects of estrogens
- Nursing considerations for hormone therapy
Pharmacology of Progestins and Contraceptives
This content examines the mechanism of action, indications, specific medications, and adverse effects of progestins used in hormone replacement and contraceptives.
- Mechanism of action of progestins
- Suppression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, LH, and FSH
- Indications for progestin treatment
- Functional uterine bleeding
- Endometriosis
- Medroxyprogesterone
- Megestrol acetate
- Levonorgestrel
- Adverse effects of progestins
- Thrombolytic events
- Contraindications for progestin use
Hormone Replacement and Contraceptive Drugs
Information regarding contraceptive drugs including indications, mechanism of action, various forms, adverse effects, and nursing considerations.
- Contraceptive drug indications
- Mechanism of action for preventing ovulation
- Oral contraceptive forms (monophasic, biphasic, triphasic)
- Medroxyprogesterone injection
- Transdermal contraceptive patch
- Intravaginal contraceptive ring
- Implantable rods
- Intrauterine Devices (IUD)
- Emergency oral contraception
- Pregnancy termination medications
- Drug interactions with antibiotics and anticonvulsants
- Adverse effects of estrogen and progestin
- Contraindications for estrogen-dependent cancers
- Nursing education and patient assessment
Hormone Replacement and Contraceptive Drugs: Pharmacology and Nursing Considerations
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Endocrine System and Pituitary Drugs
The endocrine system uses hormones as a chemical language to maintain physiologic stability through negative feedback loops and neuroendocrine regulation.
- Endocrine system
- Hormones
- Neuroendocrine system
- Pituitary gland
- Anterior pituitary
- Posterior pituitary
- Negative feedback loop
- Cosyntropin
- Somatropin
- Octreotide
- Vasopressin
- Desmopressin
- Diabetes insipidus
Antepartum Medications and Supplements
Overview of supplements, tocolytics, glucocorticoids, antihypertensives, Rh(D) immunoglobin, and preeclampsia treatment medications used during pregnancy.
- Prenatal vitamins
- Folic Acid
- Tocolytics
- Terbutaline
- Magnesium sulfate
- Betamethasone
- Lung surfactant
- Respiratory distress syndrome
- Labetalol
- Hydralazine
- Rh(D) Immunoglobin
- Preeclampsia treatment
- Eclampsia
Overview of Volume Expanders and Blood Products
Overview of Volume Expanders and Crystalloids
Volume expanders include crystalloids, medications, and blood products used to manage total body water distribution and fluid compartments.
- Total body water distribution
- Extracellular fluid
- Intracellular fluid
- Interstitial fluid
- Intravascular volume
- Isotonic solutions
- Hypertonic solutions
- Hypotonic solutions
- Crystalloids
- Osmotic gradient
- Normal saline
- Half normal saline
- Hypertonic saline
- Lactated Ringer’s solution
- Dextrose 5% in water
- Fluid overload
- Colloid osmotic pressure
Overview of Volume Expanders and Crystalloids
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Colloids and Blood Products Volume Expanders
Colloids and blood products serve as volume expanders to increase colloid oncotic pressure, increase oxygen-carrying capacity, and manage acute bleeding.
- Colloids
- Albumin
- Colloid oncotic pressure
- Blood Products
- Packed red blood cells
- Fresh-frozen plasma
- Whole blood
- Cryoprecipitate
- Transfusion reaction
- Anaphylaxis
- Plasma volume expansion
Pharmacology of Volume Expanders and Blood Products
This content covers crystalloid fluids, medications like vasopressin, and blood products used for fluid resuscitation and hemodynamic stabilization.
- Crystalloid Fluids
- Normal Saline
- Lactated Ringer’s
- Vasopressin
- Blood Products
- PRBCs
- FFP
- Albumin
- Nursing Implications
- Volume Expansion
- Fluid Resuscitation
Pharmacology of Volume Expanders and Blood Products
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Pharmacology of Immunosuppressants and DMARDs
Interferons and Immunomodulating Drugs
Immunomodulating drugs therapeutically alter a patient’s immune response to malignant tumor cells, viruses, and autoimmune, inflammatory, or infectious diseases.
- Biologic response–modifying drugs
- Immunomodulating drugs
- Interferons (IFNs)
- Monoclonal antibodies (MABs)
- Interleukin (IL) receptor agonists and antagonists
- Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
- Antiviral properties
- Antitumor properties
- Alpha, beta, and gamma IFNs
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia
- Follicular lymphoma
- Kaposi’s sarcoma
- Malignant melanoma
- Multiple sclerosis
Interferons and Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunomodulation
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Interferons and Monoclonal Antibodies
Information regarding interferons and monoclonal antibodies including adverse effects, contraindications, and specific drug treatments for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE.
- Interferon adverse effects
- Monoclonal antibodies mechanism of action
- Adalimumab
- Belimumab
- Infliximab
- Contraindications for immune modulators
- Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
- Treatment of Crohn’s disease
- Treatment of SLE
Immunosuppressants and DMARDs Overview
Immunosuppressants are drugs that decrease or prevent an immune response to treat autoimmune diseases or prevent rejection of transplanted organs.
- Humoral immunity
- Cellular immunity
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
- Autoimmune diseases
- Organ rejection
- Glucocorticoids
- Calcineurin inhibitors
- Antimetabolites
- Biologics
- Cyclosporine
- Azathioprine
- Tacrolimus
- Fingolimod
Immunosuppressants and Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)
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Immunosuppressant Drugs and Adverse Effects
Information regarding immunosuppressant drugs including Azathioprine, Cyclosporine, and Mycophenolate, their uses in organ rejection prevention, and associated black box warnings and adverse effects.
- Azathioprine
- Cyclosporine
- Mycophenolate
- Organ rejection prophylaxis
- Black box warnings
- Bone marrow suppression
- Renal impairment
- Opportunistic infections
- Leukopenia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Neurotoxicity
- Hepatotoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
Nursing Implications for Immunosuppressants and DMARDs
Nursing implications include performing thorough assessments, monitoring WBC counts, and implementing infection risk reduction measures for patients taking immunosuppressants.
- Infection risk reduction
- Pre-administration assessment
- Renal, liver, and cardiovascular function studies
- Baseline laboratory studies
- WBC count monitoring
- Drug interactions
- Oral candidiasis prevention
- Organ transplantation therapy
Immunosuppressants and Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Immunosuppressants and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) alter the body’s response to autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases.
- Immunomodulating drugs
- Interferons (IFNs)
- Monoclonal antibodies (MABs)
- Interleukin (IL) receptor agonists and antagonists
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Nonbiologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Methotrexate
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Etanercept
Pharmacology of MS and SLE Medications
Pharmacology and nursing implications for beta-interferon and monoclonal antibodies used in treating multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Beta-interferon
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Multiple sclerosis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Immunomodulatory cytokines
- Adalimumab
- Infliximab
- Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
- JC virus
- Nursing implications
- Infusion reactions
- Black box warnings
- Immune suppression
Immunosuppressants and Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Nursing implications, monitoring protocols, and adverse effects for immunosuppressants and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) used in transplant rejection and autoimmune conditions.
- Methotrexate nursing implications
- Hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity
- Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity
- Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS)
- Organ rejection prophylaxis
- Myelosuppression monitoring
- Hepatotoxicity risk
- Drug-food interactions
- Azathioprine black box warnings
- Mycophenolate side effects
Pharmacology of Neurological and Newborn Medications
Pharmacology of Muscle Relaxants
Muscle relaxants enhance GABA to reduce nerve cell excitability and decrease the force of muscle contraction and stiffness.
- Mechanism of action
- Antispasmodic
- Antispastic
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Baclofen
- Muscle spasms
- Muscle spasticity
- Complications
- Cerebral palsy
- Multiple sclerosis
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Nursing Interventions for Muscle Relaxants
Nursing interventions for muscle relaxants include medication reconciliation, monitoring for sedation and fall risk, assessing airway and hepatic function, and providing patient education.
- Medication reconciliation
- Sedation monitoring
- Fall risk assessment
- Airway assessment
- Vital signs monitoring
- Level of consciousness assessment
- Drug effectiveness assessment
- Pain scores
- Range of motion
- Activities of daily living
- Patient education
- Physical dependence
- Drug discontinuation
Newborn Medications and Vaccines
Medications administered within 1 hour of birth including Erythromycin eye ointment, Vitamin K, and vaccines such as Hepatitis B.
- Erythromycin eye ointment
- Macrolide antibiotic
- Neonatal conjunctivitis
- Vitamin K
- Phytonadione
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- Newborn sepsis antibiotics
- Gentamycin
- Ampicillin
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome surfactant
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