Respiratory Diagnostics and Upper Respiratory Infections Study Guide

Fundamental Nursing Care of Diabetic Patients

This review covers pathophysiology knowledge including Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational diabetes, pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and the effects of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.

• Type 1 diabetes mellitus
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Gestational diabetes
• Pre-diabetes
• Pathophysiology of diabetes
• Metabolic syndrome
• Hypoglycemia
• Hyperglycemia
• Insulin production and exogenous insulin
• Pancreatic beta cells
• Impaired fasting glucose
• Impaired glucose tolerance

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of DM

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of DM including signs and symptoms such as polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, and various integumentary skin conditions.

• Polydipsia
• Polyuria
• Weight loss
• Ketoacidosis
• Recurrent infections
• Prolonged wound healing
• Visual changes
• Diabetic dermopathy
• Acanthosis nigricans
• Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum

Basic Cardiac Anatomy and Diagnostic Review

Basic cardiac anatomy review and diagnostic testing covering heart chambers, valves, blood flow, and circulation.

• Cardiac anatomy
• Four chambers
• Heart valves
• Blood flow through the heart
• Arteries vs. veins
• Venous circulation
• Arterial circulation
• Coronary circulation
• Vasoconstriction
• Vasodilation

• Basic Cardiac Anatomy and Circulation

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Respiratory Diagnostics and Serum Labs

Respiratory diagnostics and serum labs include hemoglobin, hematocrit, D-dimer, sputum samples, and pulse oximetry.

• Hemoglobin
• Hematocrit
• Anemia
• Polycythemia
• D-Dimer
• Venous Thromboembolism
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Sputum Samples
• AFB
• Culture & Gram Stain
• Cytology
• Pulse Oximetry

Vascular Disease and Nursing Care

Review of anatomy and physiology regarding arterial and venous circulation, disease types, signs and symptoms, and nursing interventions.

• Venous circulation
• Arterial circulation
• Atherosclerosis
• Varicose Veins
• Venous Insufficiency
• Deep Vein Thrombosis
• Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Intermittent Claudication
• ABI testing
• Vasoconstriction
• Venous stasis

Management of Inner Ear Disorders

This content explains the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and nursing and interprofessional management of inner ear problems including Ménière’s Disease.

• Ménière’s Disease
• Vestibular labyrinth
• Auditory labyrinth
• Vertigo
• Sensorineural hearing loss
• Tinnitus
• Endolymph accumulation
• Audiogram
• Nursing care
• Patient safety
• Surgical intervention

Types and Management of Hearing Loss

This content discusses types of hearing loss including conductive, sensorineural, mixed, central, and functional causes along with nursing and interprofessional management.

• Conductive hearing loss
• Sensorineural hearing loss
• Mixed hearing loss
• Central hearing loss
• Functional hearing loss
• Presbycusis
• Ototoxicity
• Audiogram
• Vestibulocochlear nerve damage
• Meniere’s disease
• Hearing aids
• Nursing management
• Gerontologic considerations

Perioperative Nursing Care and Management

Nursing assessment, interventions, and management across the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases including PACU care and complication prevention.

• Preoperative phase assessment and planning
• Latex allergy signs and management
• Intraoperative nursing roles
• Airway management and physiologic indicators
• Postoperative assessments and interventions
• Postoperative adverse effects and complications
• Malignant hyperthermia treatment
• Nursing delegation and scope of practice
• Medication administration calculations

Nursing Management of Cataracts

Cataracts involve opacity in the lens caused by altered metabolic processes resulting in vision changes.

• Cataract etiology
• Pathophysiology of lens opacity
• Clinical manifestations
• Diagnostic examinations
• Nonsurgical therapy
• Surgical therapy
• Preoperative medications
• Mydriatic and cycloplegic drugs
• Postoperative care
• Intraocular pressure restrictions
• Health promotion and nutrition

Medication Administration Safety and Pharmacokinetics Review

A review of pharmacokinetics including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, alongside medication administration routes and key terminology.

• Pharmacokinetics
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Excretion
• Therapeutic effect
• Adverse effect
• Side effect
• Toxic effect
• Idiosyncratic reaction
• Allergic reaction
• Medication interactions
• Medication tolerance
• Medication dependence
• Enteral routes
• Parenteral routes
• First pass effect

Overview of Renal Disorders

This document discusses renal disorders including glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and renal failure.

• Glomerulonephritis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Renal failure
• Glomerular filtration
• Proteinuria
• Hematuria
• Hypertension
• Renal-related complications

Commonly Sexually Transmitted Infections Overview

A comprehensive sexual history taking guide for medical surgical nursing settings covering gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and STI screening risks.

• Comprehensive sexual history taking
• STI screening risk factors
• Gonorrhea
• Chlamydia
• Syphilis
• HIV prevention vs STD prevention
• The Five P's of sexual history
• Sexual health and behavior assessment
• Condom use and risk reduction

Urological Problems of the Adult Male

Diagnostics and clinical manifestations of prostate problems including Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer.

• Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
• Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)
• Irritative symptoms
• Obstructive symptoms
• Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP)
• 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
• Alpha blockers
• Prostate cancer screening

Gender Diversity in Healthcare Settings

Transgender individuals experience healthcare disparities, including discrimination and barriers to healthcare access/utilization, necessitating nursing considerations such as using trans inclusive language.

• Healthcare disparities
• Substance abuse
• Mental health diagnoses
• Victimization
• STIs
• Documented discrimination
• Insurance coverage
• Healthcare access/utilization
• Nursing considerations
• Transgender sensitivity
• Trans inclusive language

Medical Topic Distribution Summary

A summary of cardiac, respiratory, diabetes, obesity, and med math topics.

• Cardiac
• Respiratory
• Diabetes
• Med Math

Oxygen Therapy and Respiratory Treatment Methods

Methods for oxygen delivery, non-invasive ventilation, and humidification to treat hypoxemia and manage respiratory complications.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
• Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
• Simple Face Mask
• Partial rebreather Mask
• Non-rebreather mask
• Venturi Mask
• Oxygen toxicity
• Hypoxic Drive
• Humidification
• Hypoxemia
• COPD management

Hyperlipidemia Overview and Management

Hyperlipidemia involves elevated levels of lipids in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides, which serve as major risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

• Hyperlipidemia
• Cholesterol
• Triglycerides
• Atherosclerosis
• Cardiovascular disease
• LDL
• HDL
• Risk factors
• Genetic predisposition
• Lifestyle modifications
• Drug therapy
• Statins
• Ezetimibe
• PCSK9 inhibitors
• Nursing responsibilities

Obesity Classification, Risks, and Therapies

This content discusses obesity factors, health risks, classification methods, and various therapies including drug therapy and bariatric surgery.

• Environmental Factors
• Psychosocial Factors
• Health Risks of Obesity
• Body Mass Index (BMI)
• Waist Circumference
• Waist-to-hip Ratio (WHR)
• Nutritional Therapy
• Drug Therapy
• Bariatric Surgery
• Restrictive Surgery
• Malabsorptive Surgery
• Adjustable Gastric Banding
• Sleeve Gastrectomy
• Dumping Syndrome
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Insulin Resistance

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Overview and Care

Guillain-Barre Syndrome is an acute, immune-mediated polyneuritis characterized by progressive symmetric muscle weakness and absent deep tendon reflexes.

• Acute immune-mediated polyneuritis
• Symmetric muscle weakness
• Absent or depressed deep tendon reflexes
• Paresthesia
• Dysautonomia
• Tachycardia
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Urinary retention
• Cerebrospinal fluid protein increase
• Nerve conduction studies
• Electromyography
• Mechanical ventilation
• Neuropathic pain management

Male Urology and Reproductive Health

This content covers prostate cancer, testicular cancer, testicular torsion, epididymitis, priapism, and prostatitis.

• Prostate cancer incidence and screening
• Prostate cancer treatment options
• Testicular cancer risk factors and symptoms
• Testicular self-examination
• Testicular torsion and ischemia
• Epididymitis causes and symptoms
• Prehn’s sign
• Priapism risks and management
• Prostatitis types and risk factors

Medical Interventions and Healthcare for Gender Diversity

Medical interventions for gender variant individuals include hormone replacement therapy, gender affirming surgery, and healthcare considerations for creating inclusive environments.

• Hormone Replacement Therapy
• Masculinization
• Feminization
• Gender Affirming Surgery
• Chest reconstruction
• Vaginoplasty
• Phalloplasty
• Binding
• Packing
• Tucking
• Inclusive healthcare settings

Respiratory Treatment Therapies and Nursing Care

Information regarding pleural effusion types, pleurodesis, thoracentesis, and nursing management of chest tubes.

• Pleural effusion
• Hemothorax
• Chylothorax
• Pleurodesis
• Thoracentesis
• Chest tubes
• Water seal chamber
• Tension pneumothorax

Diabetes Diagnosis and Glycosylated Hgb

Methods for diabetes diagnosis include Hemoglobin A1C levels, fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance testing, and random plasma glucose levels.

• Glycosylated Hgb (HbA1C)
• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
• Hyperglycemia symptoms
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Random plasma glucose

• Diabetes Diagnosis Methods and Glycosylated Hemoglobin

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Cardiac Diagnostic Labs and Anatomy

This material covers cardiac diagnostic labs including Troponin, CK-MB, CRP, ESR, BNP, and serum lipid levels.

• Troponin
• CK-MB
• C Reactive Protein (CRP)
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
• BNP
• Pro-BNP
• Serum Lipid Levels
• Cholesterol
• Triglycerides
• LDL
• HDL
• Myocardial damage
• Inflammatory illness
• Left Ventricular dysfunction
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) risk

Cardiac Diagnostics and Noninvasive Procedures

This content covers noninvasive procedures and cardiac diagnostics including EKG, Holter monitor, exercise stress tests, and echocardiograms.

• 12-lead EKG
• Exercise stress test
• Echocardiogram
• Ejection fraction
• Bubble study
• Trans-esophageal ECHO

Respiratory Diagnostic Imaging and Testing

Information regarding Chest X-Ray, CT Scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, and Pulmonary Function Test.

• Chest X-Ray (CXR)
• Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
• Pulmonary Function Test
• Contrast medium
• Lung disease/cancer assessment
• Air movement measurement

Wounds and Skin Review Case Study

A case study review involving a patient with micro-abrasions, erythema, edema, blistering, and purulent drainage.

• micro-abrasions
• blistering
• purulent drainage
• DVT
• WBC
• CRP
• ESR
• Doppler ultrasound
• ABI

Pressure Ulcer Management and Prevention

Interventions to prevent skin breakdown and the management of pressure ulcer stages, eschar, nutrition, blood sugar, hemoglobin, moisture, and age.

• skin breakdown prevention
• pressure ulcer stages
• eschar removal
• nutrition
• blood sugar
• hemoglobin
• moisture
• age

Management of Intraocular Disorders

This content covers retinopathy, retinal detachment, and age-related macular degeneration including etiology, manifestations, diagnostic studies, and interprofessional care.

• Retinopathy
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Hypertensive retinopathy
• Retinal detachment
• Age-related macular degeneration
• Laser photocoagulation
• Cryopexy
• Pneumatic retinopexy
• Vitrectomy
• Photodynamic therapy

Integumentary Disorders Intertrigo and Scabies

Information regarding intertrigo and scabies including causes, symptoms, and medical management.

• Intertrigo
• Inflammatory skin condition
• Candida infection
• Scabies
• Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis
• Pruritus
• Scabicidal agents
• Contact precautions
• Skin integrity

Nursing Essentials for Wound Care Management

Nursing essentials for wound care including debridement, irrigation, wound cultures, and managing dog or human bites.

• Dog bites
• Human bites
• Tetanus prophylaxis
• Moist wound bed
• Reepithelialization
• Wound cultures
• WBC
• RBC
• PTT
• PT/INR
• Albumin
• Prealbumin
• Irrigating a wound
• Sharp debridement
• Mechanical debridement
• Enzymatic debridement
• Autolytic debridement
• Biosurgery
• Maggot Debridement Therapy
• Wound Vacs

Pre-Operative Patient Assessment and Interview

The patient interview and history process involves obtaining health information, determining expectations, and assessing emotional state and readiness through eight specific steps.

• Subjective assessment
• Patient interview
• Health information
• Previous surgeries and anesthetics
• Family health history
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Medication use
• Medication allergies
• Recreational drug use
• Tobacco use
• Pregnancy assessment

Intramuscular Injection and Syringe Anatomy

This material covers intramuscular injection sites, syringe anatomy, needle gauge measurements, and the Z-Track method.

• Intramuscular injection sites
• Vastus lateralis
• Rectus femoris
• Syringe anatomy
• Needle gauge and lumen size
• Syringe size continuum
• Luer-Lok tip
• Slip tip
• Z-Track method

Urinary Tract Infections and Kidney Stones

This content discusses urinary tract infections and nephrolithiasis, including clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnosis, and collaborative care management.

• Urinary tract infections
• Healthcare-associated infections
• Upper urinary tract infections
• Lower urinary tract infections
• Cystitis
• Pyelonephritis
• Urosepsis
• Risk factors for urinary tract infections
• Clinical manifestations of urinary tract infections
• Diagnosis of urinary tract infections
• Acute interventions for urinary tract infections
• Nephrolithiasis
• Kidney stone categories
• Collaborative care for kidney stones

Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Clinical presentation, sites of infection, and treatment plans for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Cervicitis
• Endometritis
• Salpingitis
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Epididymitis
• Prostatitis
• Pharyngitis
• Proctitis
• Ectopic pregnancies
• Infertility
• Antibiotic therapy
• Azithromycin
• Gram negative bacterium

Nursing Care and Management of Asthma

Nursing assessment, interventions, and patient education for managing asthma through medication adherence, trigger avoidance, and asthma action plans.

• Asthma Action Plan
• Nursing Assessment
• Subjective Data
• Objective Data
• Nursing Diagnoses
• Ineffective airway clearance
• Impaired gas exchange
• Rescue medications
• Inhaled Corticosteroids
• Leukotriene Modifiers
• Inhaler technique
• Trigger avoidance

Urological Procedures and Kidney Stone Management

Discussion of urological procedures including lithotripsy and nephrostomy tube insertion alongside nursing considerations for kidney stones.

• Lithotripsy
• Nephrostomy tube
• Kidney stones nursing implementation
• Urological procedure approaches
• Patient education for kidney stones
• Pain control

Cardiac Diagnostics and Anatomy

Information regarding angiogram types including contrast angiography, CT angiography, MR angiography, and duplex ultrasound.

• Contrast angiography
• CT angiography
• MR angiography
• Duplex/Doppler ultrasound
• Radiopaque contrast medium injection
• Iodine allergy
• Vessel perfusion
• Doppler flow

Chronic Complications and Management of Diabetes

Chronic complications from uncontrolled diabetes include microvascular angiopathy, macrovascular disease, neuropathy, and delayed wound healing.

• Microvascular complications
• Retinopathy
• Dermopathy
• Macrovascular disease
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Cardiovascular disease
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Sensory neuropathy
• Autonomic neuropathy
• Foot ulcerations
• Wound healing deficits
• Infection risk
• Diabetes management cornerstones
• Nutritional therapy
• Blood glucose monitoring

Nursing Care and Management of Diabetes

Nursing care for diabetes includes insulin administration, managing hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia complications, and implementing diabetic diets and glucose self monitoring.

• Basal-bolus insulin regimen
• Insulin onset, peak, and duration
• Hypoglycemia treatment and Rule of 15
• Dawn phenomenon and Somogyi effect
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) clinical manifestations and treatment
• Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
• Diabetic diet nutritional requirements
• Carbohydrate counting
• Glucose self monitoring
• Psychosocial considerations in diabetes management

Cardiac Diagnostics and Ankle Brachial Index

Ankle-brachial index (ABI) compares the pressure in the ankle to the pressure in the arms to indicate PAD.

• Ankle Brachial Index
• Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Doppler ultrasound
• Systolic pressure
• Occlusive arterial disease
• Claudication
• Ischemic rest pain

Respiratory Diagnostics and Upper Respiratory Infections

Information regarding TB Mantoux Test administration, epistaxis nursing care, and various upper respiratory infections including pharyngitis, influenza, and sinusitis.

• TB Skin Test/ Mantoux Test
• TB Risk Factors
• Induration measurement
• Epistaxis anterior vs posterior
• Epistaxis nursing care
• Rhinitis
• Pharyngitis
• Sinusitis
• Laryngitis
• Influenza
• Tonsillitis
• Nursing Management

• Respiratory Diagnostics and Upper Respiratory Infections

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Nursing Care for Sensory Alterations

Nursing interventions and patient education regarding hearing loss prevention, cataract surgery recovery, retinal detachment, and glaucoma management.

• preventing hearing loss
• cataract surgery post-operative care
• intraocular pressure
• detached retina repair
• intravitreal gas bubble
• glaucoma treatment outcomes
• retinal detachment symptoms
• pneumatic retinopexy

Pathophysiology and Management of Glaucoma

• Intraocular pressure (IOP)
• Optic nerve atrophy
• Aqueous production and reabsorption
• Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)
• Angle-closure glaucoma (ACG)
• Peripheral vision loss
• Tunnel vision
• Slit lamp microscopy
• Optic disc cupping
• Argon laser trabeculoplasty
• Miotics
• Hyperosmotic agents
• Surgical iridotomy
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
• Punctal occlusion

Hemorrhage, Dehiscence, and Evisceration Nursing Care

Nursing care for hemorrhage, dehiscence, and evisceration including risks, symptoms, and emergency interventions.

• Hemorrhage
• Internal hemorrhage
• External hemorrhage
• Hematoma
• Hypovolemia
• Hypovolemic shock
• Dehiscence
• Evisceration
• Surgical complications
• Emergency care

Preoperative Review of Systems Assessment

Assessing risk factors for pulmonary, cardiac, neurologic, GU, hepatic, integument, musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, fluid and electrolyte, and nutritional problems during preoperative assessment.

• Pulmonary problems
• Cardiac problems
• Neurologic problems
• GU problems
• Hepatic problems
• Integument problems
• Musculoskeletal problems
• Endocrine problems
• Immune problems
• Fluid and electrolyte problems
• Nutritional problems

Medication Administration and Safety Protocols

Guidelines for medication routes, types of medication orders, healthcare provider roles, and safety procedures to prevent medication errors.

• Medication routes
• Types of medication orders
• Health care provider roles
• Nurse's role in medication administration
• Medication safety guidelines
• Preventing medication errors
• Six rights of medication administration
• Patient identification
• Medication error management
• Clinical student responsibilities

RN Delegation and Nursing Roles

Guidelines for RN, LPN, and UAP regarding delegation, assessment, planning, evaluation, and patient care responsibilities.

• RN delegation responsibilities
• LPN scope of practice
• UAP duties and supervision
• Assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation
• Patient stability and predictability
• Invasive procedures
• Medication administration
• Critical thinking and nursing judgment

Overview of Urinary Diversions

• Urinary diversion
• Incontinent diversions
• Continent diversions
• Cutaneous diversions
• Orthotopic neobladder
• Internal reservoirs
• Postoperative management

Disseminated Gonococcal Infection and Syphilis

Information regarding disseminated gonococcal infection symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, alongside the stages, signs, and management of syphilis.

• Disseminated gonococcal infection
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Septic arthritis
• Bacteremia
• Syphilis
• Treponema pallidum
• Primary Stage
• Secondary Stage
• Latent Stage
• Tertiary Stage
• Neurosyphilis
• Penicillin
• RPR
• VDRL

Legal Concerns of Informed Consent

Informed consent involves the provider's responsibility to disclose diagnosis, purpose of surgery, risks, alternative treatments, and costs while the nurse acts as a patient advocate.

• Informed consent
• Provider responsibility
• Disclosure of risks and alternatives
• Nurse role as witness and advocate
• Patient comprehension
• Legal representatives for minors or incompetent patients
• Medical emergency exceptions