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Human Nervous System and Brain Anatomy Study Guide

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the cardiovascular system, detailing the roles of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the cardiac cycle, blood pressure regulation, and common cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Essential for students of human physiology and health sciences.

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Nervous and Endocrine System Functions and Stress

Nervous and Endocrine System Functions

The nervous system and endocrine system regulate bodily functions through interconnected nerve fibers, neurotransmitters, and hormones.

  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
  • brain structures
  • neurotransmitters
  • catecholamines
  • endocrine system
  • pituitary gland

Overview of the Human Nervous System

The nervous system is comprised of a complex system of nerve fibers organized into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

  • central nervous system (CNS)
  • peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • sympathetic division
  • parasympathetic division
  • fight or flight
  • rest & digest

Human Nervous System and Brain Anatomy

This lecture covers the divisions of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the anatomical sections and functions of the brain.

  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Central nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Hindbrain
  • Forebrain
  • Medulla
  • Pons
  • Hypothalamus
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Catecholamines

The Human Endocrine System

A system of glands which secrete hormones directly into the blood and interacts with the nervous system.

  • Endocrine glands
  • Hormones
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Anterior lobe
  • Posterior lobe
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Epinephrine
  • Steroids
  • Stress response

Physiological Systems of the Stress Response

Stress activates physiological systems including the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis through acute and chronic responses.

  • acute vs. chronic stress
  • sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system
  • fight-or-flight response
  • general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
  • corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • glucocorticoids
  • cortisol

Hormonal Pathways of the Stress Response

  • stress response
  • hormonal pathways
  • pituitary gland
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • endocrinology

Human Physiological Systems and Immune Responses

Introduction to Human Physiology and Systems

An examination of the major systems of the body, including the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, and gut microbiome systems, and how they interact during the stress response.

  • human physiology
  • nervous system
  • endocrine system
  • cardiovascular system
  • immune system
  • gut microbiome
  • stress response
  • interconnected body systems

Immune System Functions and Disease Transmission

The immune system distinguishes between self and foreign invaders while microbes cause infection through direct, indirect, biological, or mechanical transmission.

  • immune system
  • psychoneuroimmunology
  • direct transmission
  • indirect transmission
  • biological transmission
  • mechanical transmission
  • carriers
  • incubation period
  • tuberculosis
  • virulence
  • toxigenicity

Mechanisms of Infection and Immune Response

Microbes penetrate bodily tissue to cause infection through virulence and toxigenicity, triggering innate and acquired immune responses including humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

  • virulence
  • toxigenicity
  • incubation period
  • sickness behaviour
  • cytokines
  • pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • anti-inflammatory cytokines
  • natural immunity
  • acquired immunity
  • innate immunity
  • phagocytosis
  • inflammatory response
  • antigens
  • antibodies
  • humoral immunity
  • B lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • cell-mediated immunity
  • T lymphocytes
  • cytotoxic T cells

Lymphatic System and Gut Microbiome

The lymphatic system's role in immunity and the functions of the gut microbiome within the microbiome-gut-brain axis.

  • lymphatic system
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • lymph vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
  • lymphocytes
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • gut microbiome
  • microbiome-gut-brain axis
  • bidirectional communication
  • parasympathetic functioning

Disorders of the Immune and Lymphatic Systems

The immune system and lymphatic system tissues are subject to various disorders, diseases, and infectious triggers.

  • AIDS
  • Cancer
  • Splenomegaly
  • Tonsillitis
  • Infectious mononucleosis
  • Lymphoma
  • Lupus
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Crohn's disease
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Schizophrenia
  • Autism spectrum disorder
  • Depression
  • Bacterial resistance
  • Inflammatory response
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Diabetes
  • Osteoporosis
  • Asthma

Physiological Systems and the Stress Response

The stress response involves the activation of the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, impacting the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems.

  • sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system
  • catecholamines
  • cortisol
  • allostatic load
  • general adaptation syndrome
  • cardiovascular system
  • immune system

Immune System Functions and Responses

The immune system protects the body from foreign substances and pathogens through natural and specific immunity involving lymphocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages.

  • natural immunity
  • specific immunity
  • granulocytes
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • phagocytes
  • cytokines
  • inflammation
  • Natural killer (NK) cells
  • lymphocytes
  • humoral immunity
  • B lymphocytes
  • cell-mediated immunity
  • T lymphocytes
  • cytotoxic (TC) cells
  • helper T (TH) cells

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Overview

The Cardiovascular System and Heart Function

The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, acting as the transport system of the body.

  • cardiovascular system
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
  • cardiac cycle
  • diastole
  • atherosclerosis
  • angina pectoris
  • myocardial infarction
  • arteriosclerosis
  • aneurysm
  • blood pressure
  • hypertension
  • cardiac output
  • peripheral resistance

Composition and Disorders of Blood

Blood consists of plasma and cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, which can be affected by various disorders.

  • plasma
  • blood cells
  • bone marrow
  • white blood cells
  • red blood cells
  • hemoglobin
  • platelets
  • blood clotting
  • anemia
  • hemophilia

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Overview

The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood, while respiration acquires oxygen, excretes carbon dioxide, and regulates the composition of the blood.

  • cardiovascular system
  • heart chambers
  • diastole
  • angina pectoris
  • myocardial infarction
  • respiration functions
  • inspiration
  • expiration
  • medulla control

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