Cardiology: Heart Failure, Cardiomyopathy, and Shock Study Guide

Otology and Ophthalmology Disorders

This content covers ear disorders including otitis media, otosclerosis, presbycusis, and Meniere disease, alongside external eye disorders and vision disorders.

• Otitis Media
• Otosclerosis
• Presbycusis
• Meniere Disease
• Conductive Hearing Loss
• Sensorineural Hearing Loss
• Weber Test
• External Eye Disorders
• Vision Disorders
• Tympanic Membrane Anatomy
• Glaucoma
• Cataracts
• Strabismus
• Amblyopia
• Conjunctivitis
• Retinopathy
• Macular Degeneration

• Understanding Ear and Eye Disorders: Otology and Ophthalmology

  Read · 5 min

• Import & open

  Flashcards

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Quiz

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Practice test

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Listen

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Tutor Me

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Watch

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Chat

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Arcade

  Import to get started

Otology and Ophthalmology Clinical Overview

This document covers accessory structures of the eye, conjunctivitis, cataracts, glaucoma, amblyopia, strabismus, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration.

• Meibomian glands
• Conjunctivitis
• Cataracts
• Glaucoma
• Open Angle Glaucoma
• Closed Angle Glaucoma
• Amblyopia
• Strabismus
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
• Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
• Age Related Macular Degeneration
• Dry Macular Degeneration
• Wet Macular Degeneration
• Fundoscopic Exam
• Fluorescein Angiography

Cardiology: Hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome, and Orthostatic Disorders

This content covers hypertension classifications, metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria, and orthostatic intolerance including POTS and orthostatic hypotension.

• Primary Hypertension
• Secondary Hypertension
• RAAS system activation
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Dyslipidemia
• Insulin resistance
• Orthostatic Intolerance
• Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
• Orthostatic Hypotension (OH)
• Blood Volume (BV)
• Peripheral vasodilation

Cardiology: Heart Failure, Cardiomyopathy, and Shock

This content covers ejection fraction calculations, congestive heart failure, various types of cardiomyopathy, peripheral vascular disease, and the physiological mechanisms of circulatory shock.

• Ejection Fraction
• Stroke Volume
• End-Diastolic Volume
• End-Systolic Volume
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Cor Pulmonale
• Systolic Dysfunction
• Diastolic Dysfunction
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
• Peripheral Artery Disease
• Intermittent Claudication
• Ankle Brachial Index
• Circulatory Shock
• Hypovolemic Shock
• Cardiogenic Shock
• Anaphylactic Shock

• Cardiology: Heart Failure, Cardiomyopathy, and Shock

  Read · 5 min

• Import & open

  Flashcards

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Quiz

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Practice test

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Listen

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Tutor Me

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Watch

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Chat

  Import to get started

• Import & open

  Arcade

  Import to get started

Pulmonology Infections and Respiratory Disorders

This content covers pneumonia, tuberculosis, coccidioidomycosis, cor pulmonale, and pulmonary embolism pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic testing.

• Pneumonia (CAP, HAP, VAP)
• Consolidation
• Tuberculosis (Latent and Active)
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Granuloma
• Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)
• Erythema nodosum
• Cor pulmonale
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary embolism
• D-Dimer
• Multidetector Computed Tomographic Angiography (MDCTA)

Mechanisms of Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Degeneration

The sources discuss mechanisms of vision loss including non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and neovascularization.

• non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
• proliferative diabetic retinopathy
• neovascularization
• angiogenesis
• exudates
• cotton wool spots
• aneurysms
• hemorrhages
• macular degeneration
• retinal detachment
• neurofibromatosis type one

Neuromuscular Medicine and Pathophysiology

• Extrapyramidal Symptoms
• Direct and Indirect Dopamine Pathways
• Hypokinetic and Hyperkinetic symptoms
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Huntington’s Disease
• Choreoathetosis
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Demyelination
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
• Dystrophin Protein
• Muscle Physiology

Psychiatry and Anxiety Disorders Overview

An overview of anxiety disorders including panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and agoraphobia, including symptoms, risk factors, and treatments.

• Anxiety
• Fight or flight response
• Panic Disorder
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Social Phobia
• Agoraphobia
• Specific Phobia
• Panic Attack
• Psychotherapy
• Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
• Pharmacotherapy
• Risk Factors

Psychiatric Disorders and Clinical Symptoms

This content covers various psychiatric disorders including Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety disorders, depression types, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Anxiety Disorder
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Post-Partum Depression
• Post-Partum Psychosis
• Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Dysthymia
• Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar I
• Schizophrenia
• Hallucinations
• Paranoia
• Dopamine imbalance

Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology

• Alpha Cells
• Beta Cells
• Insulin
• Somatostatin
• Glycogenolysis
• Glycogenesis
• Glycolysis
• Gluconeogenesis
• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• Hyperglycemia
• Hypoglycemia
• Polydipsia
• Polyuria
• Kussmaul breathing
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Pancreatic Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus

An overview of Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus including pathogenesis, symptoms, risk factors, and complications.

• Type I Diabetes Mellitus
• Type II Diabetes Mellitus
• Autoimmune destruction of Beta Cells
• Insulin Resistance
• Islet Cell Burnout
• Hyperglycemia
• Hypoglycemia
• Glucagon secretion
• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
• Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Non-Ketotic Syndrome (HHNKS)
• Microvascular Complications
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
• Macrovascular Complications
• Atherosclerosis
• Hemoglobin A1c

Adrenal Disorders and Endocrinology

• Mineralocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids
• Cortisol
• Androgens
• Catecholamines
• Conn’s Syndrome
• Cushing’s Disease
• Cushing’s Syndrome
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
• Pheochromocytoma
• Hypernatremia
• Hyponatremia
• Hyperkalemia
• Hypokalemia
• Metabolic Alkalosis
• Metabolic Acidosis
• Hypertension
• Hypotension
• Hepatic Gluconeogenesis

Head and Neck Endocrinology Dysfunction

This content examines endocrine dysfunction involving abnormal plasma concentrations of hormones, specifically focusing on pituitary adenomas, thyroid disorders, and dwarfism.

• Prolactinoma
• Achondroplasia
• Proportionate Dwarfism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Graves Disease
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Solitary Toxic Nodule
• Myxedema
• Thyroid Storm

Head and Neck Endocrinology: Parathyroid Function

This content discusses parathyroid hormone production, hypocalcemia, and the pathophysiology of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypercalcemia
• Primary Hyperparathyroidism
• Parathyroid adenomas
• Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
• Chronic kidney disease
• Vitamin D activation
• Primary Hypoparathyroidism
• Tetany
• Chvostek sign
• Trousseau sign

Classification and Characteristics of Headaches

This content details the symptoms, causes, triggers, and treatments for tension, cluster, and migraine headaches.

• Tension Type Headache
• Chronic Tension Type Headache
• Cluster Headache
• Migraine Headache
• Migraine Aura
• Headache Triggers
• Caffeine Mechanism of Action
• Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction
• Autonomic Dysfunction

Adrenal Endocrinology and Congenital Hyperplasia

The study of adrenal endocrinology including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, enzyme deficiencies, and pheochromocytoma.

• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
• 11 Hydroxylase Deficiency
• 17 Hydroxylase Deficiency
• 21 Hydroxylase Deficiency
• Cortisol
• Androgens
• Estrogens
• Virilization
• Feminization
• Pheochromocytoma
• Catecholamines
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
• Metanephrine
• Normetanephrine
• VMA

Congenital Pathologies and Chromosomal Disorders

This topic covers Down Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome, and Turner Syndrome including their causes, signs, symptoms, testing, and treatments.

• Down Syndrome
• Klinefelter Syndrome
• Karyotype
• Prenatal amniocentesis
• Atrioventricular Canal Defect
• Coarctation of the aorta
• Testosterone Replacement Therapy
• Hormone Therapy

Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease Overview

This document covers atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, hypertension, various types of heart failure, shock, and lipid profiles including cholesterol and triglycerides.

• Atherosclerosis
• Arteriosclerosis
• Acute Coronary Syndrome
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Hypertension
• Orthostatic Hypotension
• POTS
• Right vs Left Sided Heart Failure
• Cor Pulmonale
• Systolic vs Diastolic Heart Failure
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
• Peripheral Vascular Disease
• Hypovolemic Shock
• Cardiogenic Shock
• Septic Shock
• Anaphylactic Shock
• Foam cells
• LDL

Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes

This content examines myocardial ischemia, coronary artery occlusion, and the clinical distinctions between stable angina, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction.

• Acute Coronary Syndromes
• Unstable Angina
• Myocardial Infarction
• NSTEMI
• Atherosclerosis
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Cardiac Markers
• Troponin I
• CK-MB
• Myoglobin
• Electrocardiogram (EKG) changes
• Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)

Pulmonology and Pulmonary Disease Pathophysiology

This topic covers signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease including cystic fibrosis, asthma, acute bronchitis, COPD, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.

• Hemoptysis
• Cyanosis
• Cystic Fibrosis
• CFTR Gene Mutation
• Bronchiectasis
• COPD
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Asthma
• IgE mediated mast cell degranulation
• Acute Bronchitis
• Alpha-1 Anti-Trypsin Deficiency
• Alveolar destruction
• Air trapping
• Pursed lip breathing
• Cor Pulmonale
• Polycythemia
• Hypercapnia

Characteristics and Risks of Down Syndrome

This content discusses Down syndrome as a spectrum involving trisomy 21, phenotypic appearances, and associated health risks.

• karyotype
• chromosomes
• phenotypic appearances
• single palmar crease
• congenital heart defect
• spontaneous abortions
• leukemia
• dementia

Neurology of Seizures and Epilepsy

This content discusses seizures, epilepsy, and various seizure types including tonic-clonic, absence, simple partial, and complex partial seizures.

• Seizures
• Epilepsy
• Convulsion
• Febrile Seizure
• Generalized Seizure Stages
• Prodromal Symptoms
• Aura
• Ictal Stage
• Postictal Stage
• Tonic-Clonic Seizure
• Absence Seizure
• Simple Partial Seizure
• Complex Partial Seizure
• Focal Aware Seizures
• Focal Impaired Awareness Seizures

Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder involves different functional levels, social interaction difficulties, and restricted or repetitive behaviors.

• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Asperger’s Syndrome
• Pervasive Developmental Disorder
• Functional Levels of Autism
• Social Interaction
• Communication Deficits
• Restricted or Repetitive Behavior
• Social Cues

Chromosomal Abnormalities and Associated Pathologies

Discussion of Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome including their effects on sex hormones, secondary sexual characteristics, and physical presentations.

• Down syndrome
• Klinefelter syndrome
• X chromosomes
• Estrogen and testosterone ratios
• Secondary sexual characteristics
• Infertility
• Testosterone therapy
• Congenital deformities
• Ovarian cancer risk
• Coarctation of the aorta
• Aortic arch resistance
• Blood pressure differentials
• Ankle brachial index

Psychiatry: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

This document covers Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) causes, risk factors, signs, and symptoms, including the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) symptom checklist.

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Genetics
• Brain injury
• Alcohol/tobacco use in pregnancy
• Advanced paternal age
• Low birth weight
• Premature delivery
• Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1)
• Impulsive behaviors
• Inattention
• Fidgeting
• Organization difficulties