Skip to main content

Viral Replication: Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles Study Guide

Explore the fundamental mechanisms of genetic exchange in bacteria, including transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Understand how these processes contribute to bacterial evolution, adaptation, and the spread of traits like antibiotic resistance. This guide covers the molecular processes, regulatory factors, and biological significance of horizontal gene transfer.

Save this study guide to your study set

Sign up free

Your learning path

Viral Structure and Replication Strategies

Viral Structure and Replication Strategies

Viral replication involves attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release through various Baltimore classification schemes.

  • Baltimore classification
  • Viral replication cycle
  • Retroviruses
  • Reverse transcription
  • Lytic cycle
  • Bacteriophage
  • Enveloped versus naked viruses
  • Direct penetration
  • Lysis and budding

Viral Replication Cycles and Terminology

Viral replication involves specific stages including attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release through lytic or lysogenic cycles.

  • eclipse phase
  • maturation
  • latent period
  • lytic cycle
  • lysogeny
  • burst size
  • attachment
  • penetration
  • capsid
  • bacteriophage
  • lysozyme
  • temperate virus

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

This topic covers mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and the isolation of mutants through screening and selection.

  • Mutation
  • Horizontal gene transfer
  • Genotype
  • Phenotype
  • Wild-type strain
  • Mutant
  • Selection
  • Screening

Molecular Basis of Mutation and Reversions

This content examines the molecular basis of mutation, including spontaneous and induced mutations, base-pair substitutions, frameshifts, reversions, and mutation rates.

  • Spontaneous mutations
  • Induced mutations
  • Point mutations
  • Base-pair substitutions
  • Silent mutations
  • Missense mutations
  • Nonsense mutations
  • Frameshift mutations
  • Insertions and deletions
  • Reversions
  • Same-site revertants
  • Second-site revertants
  • Suppressor mutations
  • Mutation rates

Chemical Mutagens and Radiation

Mutagens include chemical, physical, or biological agents that increase mutation rates and induce mutations through mechanisms like nucleotide base analogs, alkylating agents, and radiation.

  • Mutagenesis
  • Chemical Mutagens
  • Nucleotide base analogs
  • Alkylating agents
  • Intercalating agents
  • Frameshift mutations
  • Point mutations
  • Ultraviolet radiation
  • Ionizing radiation
  • Free-radical attack

Lysogenic and Lytic Viral Cycles

Viral Lysogeny and Lytic Cycles

This content explores the mechanisms of lysogenic conversion, prophage integration, and the induction process in bacteriophages and animal viruses.

  • lysogenic conversion
  • prophage
  • provirus
  • induction
  • lysogeny
  • lytic cycle
  • temperate phage
  • endocytosis

Viral Characteristics, Replication, and Genetic Mechanisms

Microbial Evolution and Genetic Mechanisms

  • DNA repair
  • genotype
  • phenotype
  • homologous recombination
  • evolution
  • genetic drift
  • random mutation
  • selection pressure

Bacterial Genetic Recombination and Gene Transfer

Bacterial Mutagenesis and Genetic Recombination

Processes including mutagenesis, SOS repair, and horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like transformation, transduction, and conjugation facilitate genetic recombination in bacteria.

  • Mutagenesis
  • SOS repair system
  • Horizontal gene transfer
  • Transformation
  • Transduction
  • Conjugation
  • Homologous recombination
  • Competence

Bacterial Transformation and Transduction Mechanisms

This content explores mechanisms of DNA transfer including transformation through competence and transduction via bacteriophage.

  • Transformation
  • Competence
  • Transduction
  • Generalized transduction
  • Specialized transduction
  • Lysogeny
  • Phage conversion
  • Rec A integration
  • Transducing particle

Mechanisms of Bacterial Conjugation and Transfer

  • Conjugation
  • Horizontal gene transfer
  • Plasmid-encoded
  • Donor cell
  • Recipient cell
  • F (fertility) Plasmid
  • tra genes
  • Sex pilus
  • Type IV secretion system
  • Rolling circle replication
  • TraI enzyme

Hfr Strains and Chromosome Mobilization

The F plasmid acts as an episome that can integrate into the host chromosome to form Hfr strains for the mobilization of chromosomal genes.

  • F plasmid
  • episome
  • Hfr strains
  • genetic recombination
  • F pilus
  • insertion sequences
  • homologous recombination
  • F' plasmids
  • conjugation

Horizontal Gene Transfer and Transposable Elements

This content discusses horizontal gene transfer in Archaea and the mechanisms of mobile DNA including transposable elements, insertion sequences, and transposons.

  • Mobile DNA
  • Transposable Elements
  • Insertion Sequences
  • Transposons
  • Transposase
  • Inverted Repeats
  • Conservative Transposition
  • Replicative Transposition
  • Transposon Mutagenesis

Early Earth and the Origin of Life

Microbial Evolution and Early Earth History

This content explores the formation of Earth, the origin of cellular life, and the diversification of life through photosynthesis and the oxidation of Earth.

  • Origin of Earth
  • Origin of cellular life
  • RNA world
  • Chemolithotrophic metabolism
  • Anoxygenic phototrophs
  • Cyanobacteria
  • Great Oxidation Event
  • Ozone shield

DNA Records the History of Life

Phylogeny and the Universal Tree of Life reveal the three domains of life through nucleotide sequence similarity in ribosomal RNA.

  • Phylogeny
  • Universal Tree of Life
  • Ribosomal RNA
  • Three domains of life
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Last universal common ancestor
  • Genomics
  • Horizontal gene transfer

Viral Replication and Infection Outcomes

Viral Entry, Replication, and Infection Outcomes

Viral replication strategies involve diverse entry mechanisms, genome-specific replication sites, and various infection outcomes including lysis, latency, and transformation.

  • Membrane fusion
  • Endocytosis
  • Direct penetration
  • Bacteriophage
  • Provirus
  • Transcription
  • Translation
  • RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
  • Reverse transcriptase
  • Lytic cycle
  • Lysogeny
  • Budding
  • Transformation
  • Oncogenes

Preserving Genomic Integrity and CRISPR

Preserving Genomic Integrity and CRISPR

Bacteria and Archaea use innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms to prevent horizontal gene transfer and viral infection.

  • Horizontal gene transfer
  • Innate immunity
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Restriction endonucleases
  • Chemical modification
  • Phage exclusion
  • Abortive infection
  • CRISPR
  • Cas proteins
  • Spacers
  • Protospacer adjacent motifs
  • Genetic memory
  • Anti-CRISPR systems

Understanding Subviral Agents: Viroids and Prions

Characteristics of Viroids and Prions

Infectious RNA molecules called viroids cause plant diseases, while infectious proteins known as prions cause diseases in animals by catalyzing protein conformational changes.

  • Viroids
  • Infectious RNA molecules
  • Prions
  • Infectious proteins
  • Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
  • Protein conformational changes
  • Prion protein cellular (PrPC)
  • Prion protein scrapie (PrPSc)
  • Amyloids
  • Beta-sheet secondary structure

Understanding Viral Evolution and Origins

Mechanisms and Theories of Viral Evolution

Viruses may have originated from the RNA world, evolved after cells appeared, or developed from selfish DNA and gene transfer agents.

  • Viral evolution
  • Selfish DNA
  • Mobile DNA elements
  • Gene transfer agents
  • Horizontal gene transfer
  • RNA world
  • Protein capsid
  • RNA genomes

Culturing, Detecting, and Counting Viruses

Culturing, Detecting, and Counting Viruses

Methods for cultivating bacterial, animal, and plant viruses include tissue cultures and the plaque assay to determine viral titer.

  • Bacterial virus cultivation
  • Animal and plant virus tissue cultures
  • Plaque assay
  • Viral titer
  • Cell lysis
  • Plating efficiency
  • Plaque-forming units

Mechanisms of Microbial Evolution and Phylogeny

Molecular Phylogeny and Sequence Analysis

Systematics links phylogeny with taxonomy using phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic analysis to infer evolutionary history through molecular sequences.

  • Systematics
  • Polyphasic approach to taxonomy
  • Phylogenetic trees
  • DNA sequencing
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • SSU rRNA genes
  • Metagenomics
  • Sequence alignment
  • Homology
  • Orthologs
  • Paralogs
  • Insertions and deletions
  • Nodes and branches
  • Algorithms
  • Bootstrapping
  • Homoplasy
  • Horizontal gene transfer

Principles of Microbial Systematics

Microbial systematics names and classifies microorganisms, describes traits, and investigates histories using nomenclature, taxonomy, and polyphasic approaches.

  • Nomenclature
  • Taxonomy
  • Binomial system
  • Microbial species
  • Monophyletic
  • Genomic coherence
  • Phenotypic coherence
  • Polyphasic approach
  • Phylogenetic analyses
  • SSUrRNA gene sequences
  • Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA)
  • Genome analyses
  • Phenotypic analyses
  • Morphology
  • Metabolism
  • Physiology
  • Cell lipid chemistry
  • Cell wall chemistry
  • International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes

Make it your own.

Keep these readings and topics in a new study set, or add them to one you already use.

Get started freeLog in