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Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone Regulation Study Guide

Understanding Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Function

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Cardiac Myocyte and Conduction System Physiology

Cardiac Myocyte and Conduction System Physiology

This study guide explores cardiac myocyte properties, ionic movements during action potentials, and the mechanisms of the cardiac conduction system.

  • Cardiac myocyte properties
  • Intercalated discs
  • Nernst Equation
  • Automaticity
  • Excitability
  • Conductance
  • Inotropy
  • Chronotropy
  • Dromotropy
  • Lusitropy
  • Sodium-potassium ATPase
  • Resting membrane potential
  • Threshold potential
  • Myocardial action potential phases
  • SA node action potential
  • Funny current
  • Cardiac conduction system
  • Autonomic influence on heart rate

Cardiovascular Physiology, Hemodynamics, and Oxygen Delivery

Cardiovascular Oxygen Delivery and Metabolism

This study guide explains oxygen delivery (DO2) through the interrelationship of cardiac output, oxygen carrying capacity (CaO2), and the mechanics of external and internal respiration.

  • Oxygen delivery (DO2)
  • Oxygen carrying capacity (CaO2)
  • Cardiac output (CO)
  • Hemoglobin (Hgb)
  • Oxygen saturation (SaO2/SvO2)
  • Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2/PvO2)
  • External and internal respiration
  • Oxygen extraction ratio (EO2)
  • Oxygen consumption (VO2)
  • Fick's law
  • Preload, afterload, and contractility

Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Physiology

This study guide explains the interrelationship between hemodynamic variables including cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, preload, afterload, and contractility.

  • Ohm's law and Poiseuille's law
  • Hemodynamic variables
  • Cardiac output
  • Mean arterial pressure
  • Systemic vascular resistance
  • Blood flow types (laminar, turbulent, transitional)
  • Blood viscosity
  • Preload and Frank-Starling mechanism
  • Ventricular compliance
  • Atrial kick
  • Contractility (inotropy)
  • Excitation-contraction coupling
  • Calcium-induced calcium-release
  • Sarcomere function

Cardiovascular Physiology and Pressure-Volume Loops

This study guide explains the mechanical and electrical events of the cardiac cycle, including the Wiggers diagram, the law of Laplace, and the impact of preload, contractility, and afterload on pressure-volume loops.

  • Beta-1 stimulation
  • Adenylate cyclase
  • cAMP
  • Protein kinase A
  • SERCA2 pump
  • Phospholamban
  • Positive inotropy
  • Positive lusitropy
  • Preload
  • Afterload
  • Systemic vascular resistance
  • Law of Laplace
  • Myocardial wall stress
  • Cardiac cycle
  • Diastole
  • Wiggers diagram
  • Isovolumetric contraction
  • Ventricular ejection
  • Isovolumetric relaxation

Coronary Circulation and Myocardial Perfusion

An analysis of coronary artery anatomy, venous circulation, autoregulation of blood flow, and the factors influencing myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

  • Left coronary artery
  • Right coronary artery
  • Left anterior descending artery
  • Posterior descending artery
  • Coronary dominance
  • Conduction system blood supply
  • Coronary venous circulation
  • Coronary sinus
  • Thebesian veins
  • Epicardial vessels
  • Coronary autoregulation
  • Coronary perfusion pressure
  • Coronary reserve
  • Adenosine and vasodilation
  • Myocardial oxygen supply and demand
  • Ischemia and anaerobic metabolism
  • Tachycardia effects on perfusion
  • Aortic diastolic pressure and wall tension

Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone

Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone

Regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone is dependent on intracellular calcium regulation through the G-protein cAMP pathway, nitric oxide cGMP pathway, and phospholipase C pathway.

  • Intracellular calcium regulation
  • G-protein cAMP Pathway
  • Nitric oxide cGMP Pathway
  • Phospholipase C Pathway
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Second messengers
  • IP3 and DAG
  • Protein Kinase A
  • Guanylate cyclase
  • Nitric oxide synthetase

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