Understanding Statistical Inference: Z-Scores and the Single-Sample Z Test Study Guide
This guide explains the fundamental concepts of statistical inference, focusing on the normal distribution, z-scores, tail probabilities, and the step-by-step procedure for conducting a single-sample z test. It covers hypothesis formulation, standard error calculation, z-score computation, p-value determination, and interpretation of results, with a worked example.
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The Research Process and Developing Hypotheses
The Research Process and Assimilation Theory
Research turns uncertainty into a question that evidence can address by moving from an interest to a testable expectation.
- Research Process
- Assimilation Theory
- Research Question
- Hypothesis
- Economic Integration
- Institutional Exposure
Designing Sociological Research and Sampling
Designing Sociological Research Questionnaire Design
Designing sociological research involves translating concepts into closed-ended questions using standardized response formats to produce comparable data.
- Closed-ended questions
- Standardization
- Response formats
- Measurement error
- Likert items
- Mutually exclusive categories
- Exhaustive categories
- Double-barrelled questions
- Leading questions
- Screening questions
- Skip logic
Descriptive Statistics: Median and Percentiles
This topic covers descriptive statistics including percentiles, deciles, quartiles, and the interquartile range.
- Percentile
- Decile
- Quartile
- Median
- Interquartile range (IQR)
- Quintile
Designing Sociological Research and Sampling
A lecture covering the transition from populations to participants through probability and non-probability sampling, representativeness, and sampling error.
- Population
- Unit of Analysis
- Element
- Sampling Frame
- Sample
- Probability Sampling
- Non-probability Sampling
- Representativeness
- Census
- Nonresponse
- Random Sampling Error
- Systematic Bias
- Sampling Distribution
- Standard Error
Sociological Research Sampling Designs
An overview of probability and non-probability sampling methods used to select cases from a population.
- Simple random sampling
- Systematic random sampling
- Stratified random sampling
- Multistage cluster sampling
- Non-probability sampling
- Convenience sampling
- Snowball sampling
- Quota sampling
- Sampling frame
- Proportionate stratification
- Disproportionate stratification
Normal Distribution and Statistical Inference
Normal Distribution and Statistical Inference
This topic covers reading the z-table, sampling distributions of the mean, sampling variability, standard error, and the central limit theorem.
- reading the z-table
- one-tailed and two-tailed probability
- sampling distribution of the mean
- sampling variability
- standard deviation
- standard error
- normal distribution
Normal Distribution and Z Scores
Calculating a z score expresses a value's distance from the mean in standard-deviation units to compare scores across distributions.
- z score
- standard deviation
- mean
- normal distribution
- normal curve
- percentile
- one-tailed probability
- two-tailed probability
- standard normal distribution
Understanding Normal Distribution and Z-Scores in Statistics
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Normal-Curve Tail Probabilities and Z Test
This content covers normal-curve tail probabilities, z scores, and the single-sample z test procedure.
- Normal-Curve Tail Probabilities
- Z score
- One-tailed probability
- Two-tailed probability
- Single-Sample Z Test
- Population mean
- Population standard deviation
- Standard Error
- Hypothesis testing
Normal-Curve Tail Probabilities and the Single-Sample Z Test
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Describing Sociological Data and Social Patterns
Describing Sociological Data and Social Patterns
Descriptive statistics turn raw observations into a meaningful summary by identifying distributions, central tendency, and variation to describe what a social pattern is.
- Distributions
- Central Tendency
- Variation
- Levels of Measurement
- Frequencies
- Percentages
- Percentiles
- Range
- Standard Deviation
Descriptive Statistics for GPA Data
Descriptive statistics tools analyze raw GPA data from 60 sociology majors to determine central tendency and variation.
- Frequency distribution
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Range
- Standard deviation
Variable Types, Scales of Measurement, and Descriptive Statistics
This topic covers variable types and scales of measurement, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio, alongside descriptive statistics such as frequency tables, central tendency, and measures of spread for continuous variables.
- Nominal scale
- Ordinal scale
- Interval scale
- Ratio scale
- Categorical variables
- Continuous variables
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Percentiles
- Variance
- Standard deviation
- Coefficient of Variation
- Population Variance
- Sample Variance
Descriptive Statistics and Data Visualization
This topic covers cross tabulation of categorical variables and various graphs to describe data using Stata commands.
- Cross tabulation
- Categorical variables
- Bar graphs
- Box plots
- Histograms
- Pie charts
- Interquartile Range (IQR)
- Row percentages
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