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Understanding Skeletal and Passive Tissues Study Guide

This guide delves into the intricate structure of skeletal muscle, explaining its hierarchical organization, the roles of different connective tissue layers (endomysium, perimysium, epimysium), and the microscopic components like myofibrils, actin, and myosin. It covers the variation in muscle fiber length and diameter, the process of hypertrophy through increased fiber diameter (not number), and the architectural differences between parallel and pennate muscles, including the concept of pennati

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Introduction to Biomechanics and Kinesiology

Introduction to Physics and Biomechanics

The study of the effects and control of forces which act on and are produced by living bodies to understand the mechanics of human movement.

  • Kinesiology
  • Biomechanics
  • Human movement mechanisms
  • Neuromuscular control
  • Muscle mechanics
  • Injury mechanisms
  • Tissue load tolerance
  • Statics
  • Dynamics
  • Occupational biomechanics
  • Spinal biomechanics
  • Gait biomechanics
  • Rehabilitation biomechanics
  • Orthopedic biomechanics
  • Electromyography
  • Force plates
  • Computer modeling

Kinematics, Kinetics, and Newton’s Laws

Kinematics and Kinetics Newton's Laws

Examining forces on the body through Newton’s laws of motion, acceleration, and ground reaction force.

  • Newton’s Laws of Motion
  • Law of Inertia
  • Law of Acceleration
  • Law of Forces
  • Force equals mass x acceleration
  • Ground reaction force
  • Force of Gravity
  • Net Force

Tissue Injury and Stress-Strain Mechanics

Mechanisms of Tissue Injury

Tissue injury occurs when applied force exceeds tissue tolerance.

  • Applied Force
  • Tissue Tolerance
  • High Force Injury
  • Low, Repetitive Force Injury
  • Low, Constant Force Injury
  • Margin of Safety
  • Time Force

Stress and Strain in Tissue Loading

Biomechanics uses the tools of mechanics to describe biological systems through stress, strain, and tissue loading.

  • Stress
  • Strain
  • Tissue loading
  • Yield point
  • Elastic region
  • Plastic region
  • Ultimate stress
  • Rupture point
  • Tissue failure tolerance
  • Biomechanics

A Review of Forces

Review of Forces and Tissue Loading

A review of forces including contact vs. non-contact, properties, and directions of tissue loading.

  • Contact vs. Non-Contact Forces
  • Magnitude
  • Direction
  • Point of Application
  • Line of Action
  • Compression
  • Tension
  • Shear

Muscle Characteristics, Fibre Types, and Function

Pennate Muscle Fibres and Force Production

Analysis of pennate muscle fibres, concentric tension, and force production through pennation angles and lines of action.

  • Pennate muscle fibres
  • Unipennate
  • Bipennate
  • Concentric tension
  • Parallel muscles
  • Range of Motion
  • Pennation angles
  • Force of contraction
  • Anatomical CSA
  • Physiological CSA
  • Line of action

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics and Forces

Forces, Free Body Diagrams, and Quantum Mechanics

This content covers free body diagrams for visualizing forces in a system and fundamental principles of quantum mechanics including wave-particle duality and superposition.

  • Free Body Diagrams
  • Resultant Force
  • Wave-Particle Duality
  • Superposition
  • Quantum Mechanics

Sports Biomechanics Victories and Techniques

Introduction to Biomechanics Victories

  • scissor technique
  • western roll
  • center of mass
  • clap skate
  • dorsiflexing

Fundamentals of Linear, Angular, and Planar Motion

Linear and Angular Motion Components

Motion is a complex combination of linear and angular motion components.

  • General Motion
  • Linear Motion
  • Uniform Motion
  • Rectilinear Motion
  • Curvilinear Motion
  • Angular Motion
  • Axis of Rotation

Anatomical Planes, Axes, and Body Movements

This content covers anatomical reference position, planes and bodily division, axes of rotation, and specific movements occurring within these planes.

  • Anatomical reference position
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal plane
  • Transverse plane
  • Longitudinal axis
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantar flexion
  • Adduction
  • Lateral bending
  • Scapular elevation
  • Scapular depression
  • Ulnar deviation
  • Radial deviation
  • Inversion

Bone Structure, Development, and Joint Stability

Skeletal Structure and Bone Tissue Properties

Bone structure, materials, and categorization including cortical and cancellous bone, bone development, and responses to mechanical stress.

  • Purpose of bone
  • Bone materials
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Calcium phosphate
  • Collagen
  • Porosity
  • Cortical bone
  • Cancellous bone
  • Anisotropic properties
  • Bone categories
  • Ossification
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  • Wolff’s Law
  • Bone remodeling
  • Bone hypertrophy
  • Bone atrophy

Skeletal Tissues and Bone Fractures

Information regarding bone anatomy, osteoporosis, and various types of fractures caused by applied load.

  • Osteoporosis
  • Osteopenia
  • Bone mineral density
  • Fracture resistance
  • Anisotropic effects
  • Bone porosity
  • Acute loading
  • Chronic loading
  • Simple fractures
  • Compound fractures
  • Avulsions
  • Spiral fractures
  • Compression fractures
  • Greenstick fractures
  • Stress fractures
  • Epiphyseal fractures
  • Cortical bone
  • Cancellous bone
  • Connective tissue

Skeletal and Passive Tissues

Connective tissues including ligaments, tendons, hyaline cartilage, and fibrocartilage provide joint stabilization, lubrication, and force distribution.

  • Ligament
  • Tendons
  • Articular Connective Tissue
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Chondrocytes
  • Weeping Lubrication
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Menisci
  • Mechanical loads

Joint Architecture and Stability

Joint stability refers to the ability to resist dislocation and is determined by the shape of articulating surfaces and supporting soft tissue.

  • Joint stability
  • Dislocation
  • Close-packed position
  • Loose-packed position
  • Articulating surfaces
  • Joint classification
  • Joint architecture

Classification of Skeletal Joints

Classification due to movement includes immovable synarthrosis, slightly movable amphiarthrosis, and freely movable diarthrodial joints.

  • Synarthrosis
  • Fibrous Joint
  • Sutures
  • Syndesmosis
  • Interosseous membrane
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synchondrosis
  • Symphysis
  • Diarthrodial
  • Synovial joints
  • Articular capsule
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Reinforcing ligaments

Classification of Diarthrodial Joint Types

Diarthrodial joints are freely moveable joints categorized by architecture and axes of rotation including gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball & socket types.

  • Gliding joints
  • Hinge joints
  • Pivot joints
  • Condyloid joints
  • Saddle joints
  • Ball & Socket joints
  • Axes of rotation
  • Uniaxial
  • Biaxial
  • Triaxial
  • Nonaxial
  • Synarthrosis
  • Amphiarthrosis

Muscular Overview and Structural Organization

Muscular Contractile Proteins and Filaments

  • Actin (Thin Filament)
  • Contractile Proteins
  • I Band
  • H Zone
  • CapZ
  • Troponin
  • Z-disk
  • Myosin tail
  • M-line
  • A band

Muscular Considerations for Movement and Layers

This content covers muscle layers and variation within muscle fibres including length and diameter.

  • Muscle Layers
  • Myofibril
  • Sarcoplasm
  • Sarcolemma
  • Endomysium
  • Fasiculus
  • Perimysium
  • Epimysium
  • Muscle Fibres
  • Fibre diameter
  • Strength training

Introductory Concepts in Biomechanics, Kinetics, and Kinematics

Introductory Concepts of Biomechanics

The study of the effects and control of forces produced by and acting on the human body through kinetics and kinematics.

  • Biomechanics
  • Kinetics
  • Kinematics
  • Vectors
  • Scalar Quantities
  • Force
  • Weight
  • Pressure
  • Stress
  • Volume
  • Density
  • Impulse
  • Free body diagrams

Calculating Velocity, Acceleration, and Projectile Motion

Kinetics and Kinematics Problem Solving

Calculations involving average velocity, average acceleration, and projectile motion components for athletes.

  • average velocity
  • average acceleration
  • racquet velocity
  • horizontal velocity
  • vertical velocity
  • resultant velocity
  • takeoff angle

Leverage, Mechanical Advantage, and Levers

Introduction to Lever Systems and Biomechanics

Muscles produce force to pull on bones, functioning as levers where mechanical advantage is determined by the ratio of load force to effort force.

  • mechanical advantage
  • load force
  • effort force
  • lever classes
  • axis of rotation
  • first class lever
  • second class lever
  • third class lever
  • moment of force
  • torque
  • moment arm

Static Equilibrium and Moments of Force

This content introduces moments of force, static equilibrium, and lever systems involving effort force and resistance force.

  • moment of force
  • static equilibrium
  • effort force
  • resistance force
  • axis of rotation
  • moment arm
  • second class lever system
  • third class lever system
  • sum of moments

Muscle Layers and Fibre Variation

Striated Muscle Fibre Types and Architecture

Muscle fibre types are categorized by contraction speed, fatigue resistance, and metabolic capacity, while muscle strength is determined by fibre type and fibre arrangement.

  • Striated Muscle Fibre Types
  • Slow Twitch (Type I/SO)
  • Fast Twitch (Type IIa/FOG and Type IIx/FG)
  • Motor Units
  • Size Principle
  • Training Specificity
  • Mitochondrial Density
  • Glycolytic Capacity
  • Fibre Architecture
  • Parallel Muscle Fibres
  • Pennate Muscle Fibres
  • Unipennate
  • Bipennate
  • Multipennate

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