Understanding Self-Determination Theory and Motivation Study Guide

Sport Psychology Interventions and Training

Psychological skills training involves the systematic and consistent practice of mental skills for enhancing performance and increasing enjoyment.

• Psychological Skills Training (PST)
• Education phase
• Acquisition phase
• Practice phase
• Goal setting
• Imagery
• Self-talk
• Arousal regulation
• Attention control
• Mindfulness

Sport Psychology Goal Setting Interventions

The practice of establishing desirable objectives for one’s actions through outcome, performance, and process goals.

• Goal setting
• Outcome goals
• Performance goals
• Process goals
• Performance profiling
• Discrepancy score
• SMART guidelines
• Team goal-setting

Sport Psychology Imagery Interventions

This topic explores imagery as an experience that mimics real experience using all the senses to recreate or create experiences in the mind.

• Imagery types
• Internal and external perspective
• Imagery ability measurement
• Analytic model of imagery
• Motivational-specific imagery
• Cognitive imagery
• PETTLEP Model of Imagery
• Imagery functions

Mental Skill of Self-Talk

Self-talk involves verbalizations or statements addressed to the self that serve instructional and motivational functions.

• Instructional self-talk
• Motivational self-talk
• Six dimensions of self-talk
• Verbalization
• Self-determination
• Directional interpretation
• Directional intensity
• Frequency
• Self-Talk Grid
• Self-Talk Use Questionnaire
• Self-Talk and Gestures Rating Scale

Sport Psychology Interventions and Mental Skills

Athletes use a variety of mental skills, including arousal regulation, attention control, and mindfulness, to increase performance and psychological states.

• Arousal Regulation
• Breathing
• Progressive relaxation
• Meditation
• Biofeedback
• Autogenic training
• Psyching Up Strategies
• Attention Control
• Association
• Disassociation
• Temporal occlusion
• Event occlusion
• Self-report measures
• Attention simulation training
• Performance routines
• Attention cues
• Imagery
• Mindfulness
• Psychological skills training

Personality Traits and Mood in Sport

Athletic performance is determined by a dynamic interaction between stable personality traits, mood states, and situational factors.

• Interactionist approach
• Transactional process of mood
• Mood state
• Personality traits
• Profile of Mood States (POMS)
• Iceberg profile
• Situational factors
• Vigor-Activity
• Tension-Anxiety
• Anger-Hostility
• Depression-Dejection
• Fatigue-Inertia
• Confusion-Bewilderment

Careers in Sport and Exercise Psychology

This topic explores careers in sport and exercise psychology including teaching, research, and consulting, alongside training orientations, licensing, and ethical standards.

• Teaching
• Research
• Consulting
• Educational consulting
• Counselling consulting
• Clinical psychology consulting
• Sport science education
• Clinical/counselling sport psychology
• Licensing
• Standards of conduct
• Ethics
• Canadian Sport Psychology Association (CSPA)
• Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP)
• Canadian Psychology Association (CPA)

Approaches and Concepts of Motivation

A study of the definition of motivation and different approaches used to understand behaviour change.

• Motivation
• Direction
• Intensity
• Persistence
• Behavioural approach
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction
• Cognitive approach
• Cognitive-behavioural approach

• Approaches and Concepts of Motivation

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Self-Determination Theory and Motivation Continuum

Self-Determination Theory explains human motivation and development through a multidimensional continuum ranging from amotivation and extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation.

• Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
• Motivational Continuum
• Amotivation
• Extrinsic Motivation
• External regulation
• Introjected regulation
• Identified regulation
• Integrated regulation
• Intrinsic Motivation
• Basic psychological needs

• Understanding Self-Determination Theory and Motivation

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Self-Determination, Achievement Goal, and Competence Theories

This topic explores Self-Determination Theory, Achievement Goal Theory, Competence Motivation Theory, and non-conscious processes models to explain motivation and behaviour change.

• Self-Determination Theory
• Basic Psychological Needs
• Autonomy
• Competence
• Relatedness
• Achievement Goal Theory
• Task-orientation
• Ego-orientation
• Mastery-approach
• Mastery-avoidance
• Performance-approach
• Performance-avoidance
• Motivational climate
• Competence Motivation Theory
• Perceived competence
• Optimal challenge
• Non-Conscious Processes Models
• Dual-process models

• Theories of Motivation in Psychology

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Motivation and Sport Commitment Models

Understanding non-conscious processes and the Sport Commitment Model explains why individuals persist or withdraw from sport or physical activity.

• Non-Conscious Processes
• Sport Commitment Model
• Enthusiastic commitment
• Constrained commitment
• Sport Enjoyment
• Involvement Opportunities
• Social Support
• Personal Investment
• Social Constraints
• Involvement Alternatives

Social Approaches to Motivation and Behaviour

Social factors such as modelling, social norms, and social support influence motivation, effort, and continued participation in sport and physical activity.

• Modelling
• Social norms
• Social support
• Social connectedness
• Parental role
• Coaches’ and instructors’ role
• Autonomy support
• Psychological needs

Personality in Sport and Exercise

Measurement of personality through projective and objective tests to understand traits, states, and psychological characteristics in athletes.

• Ethical considerations in personality measurement
• Trait and state personality
• Projective tests
• Objective tests
• Athletic Motivation Inventory
• Sport Competitive Anxiety Test
• Task and ego goal orientation
• Risk-taking and sensation seeking
• Competitiveness
• Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism
• Harmonious and obsessive passion
• Mental toughness 4C Model
• Personality profiles in sport types

Competence Motivation Theory Overview

Competence motivation theory is a conceptual framework designed to explain individuals’ motivation to participate, persist, and work hard in any particular achievement context.

• effectance
• perceptions of competence
• perceptions of performance control
• mastery attempts
• optimally challenging tasks
• socioemotional support
• developmental trends
• internalized self-reward system
• perceived physical competence
• peer comparison
• significant others
• contingent praise
• informational feedback

Aggression and Moral Behaviour in Sport

This content explores perspectives on moral behaviour and theories regarding aggressive behaviour in sport, including definitions of aggression, violence, and assertive behaviour.

• Social Learning Perspective
• Moral Behaviour
• Aggression
• Assertive Behaviour
• Violent Behaviours
• Instrumental Aggression
• Hostile Aggression
• Hazing
• Psychodynamics / Instinct Theory
• Catharsis
• Physiological explanations
• Frustration-Aggression Theory
• Revised Frustration-Aggression Theory
• Social Learning Theory
• Moral Disengagement
• Motivational climate
• Team norms
• Goal orientation

Factors Influencing Aggression in Sport

Personal, group, and situational factors influence aggression in sport, including gender, age, physical size, retaliation, annoyances, self-presentation, passion, athletic identity, group norms, and home advantage.

• Personal Factors
• Gender
• Age
• Physical size
• Retaliation motives
• Annoyances
• Self-presentation
• Deindividuation
• Passion
• Athletic identity
• Group Factors
• Group norms
• Collective efficacy of aggression
• Group cohesion
• Situational Factors
• Frequency of competition
• Home advantage

Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change

The Transtheoretical Model explains how individuals initiate and adopt regular physical activity through five stages of change and various factors influencing stage progression.

• Transtheoretical Model
• Stages of Change
• Precontemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
• Self-efficacy
• Process of change
• Decisional balance
• Behaviour change
• Relapse prevention

Motivation and Behaviour Change Theories

This topic explains the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Social Cognitive Theory regarding intention, attitude, and behaviour.

• Theory of Planned Behaviour
• Attitude
• Subjective norms
• Perceived behavioural control
• Intention-behaviour gap
• Social Cognitive Theory
• Reciprocal determinism
• Self-efficacy
• Mastery experiences
• Vicarious experiences
• Social persuasion
• Observational learning
• Outcome expectations
• Self-regulation
• Goal-setting

Introduction to Sport and Exercise Psychology

An introduction to sport and exercise psychology and research regarding physical activity for cancer survivorship and health promotion.

• physical activity
• cancer survivorship
• health promotion
• determinants of physical activity
• physical activity interventions
• cancer care pathway
• self-efficacy
• motivation
• social influence
• behavior change

Theories and Models of Behaviour Change

The Health Belief Model predicts and explains physical activity behaviors based on six key beliefs.

• Health Belief Model
• Perceived susceptibility
• Perceived severity
• Perceived benefits
• Perceived barriers
• Self-efficacy
• Cues to action
• Physical activity behaviors

Social Ecological Models of Behaviour Change

Social Ecological Models explain that behaviors are influenced by multiple, interconnected levels of factors including intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy levels.

• Social Ecological Models
• Intrapersonal factors
• Interpersonal factors
• Organizational factors
• Community factors
• Public Policy
• Health Belief Model
• Social Cognitive Theory
• Transtheoretical Model
• Theory of Planned Behaviour
• Self-efficacy
• Behaviour change interventions

Introduction to Sport and Exercise Psychology Research

An introduction to basic research, applied research, and scientific terminology including variables, theory, and hypotheses.

• Basic Research
• Applied Research
• Scientific constructs
• Variable
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Extraneous Variables
• Theory
• Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis
• Causal

Approaches to Research and Evidence-Based Practice

This content explores quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research approaches, research designs, and evidence-based practice within sport and exercise psychology.

• Quantitative research
• Qualitative research
• Mixed Methods
• Ontology
• Epistemology
• Randomized Experimental design
• Quasi-Experimental design
• Non-Experimental design
• Evidence-Based Practice
• Qualitative description
• Case studies
• Grounded theory
• Ethnography
• Phenomenology
• Narrative analysis
• Community-based participatory action research
• Narrative inquiry

Personality Definitions, Theories, and Perspectives

This chapter defines personality and describes various perspectives on traits, personality development, and psychological structures.

• Personality definition
• Traits and states
• Cattell’s Trait Personality Model
• Humanistic Psychology
• Self-actualization
• Cognitive-Behavioural Approach
• Reciprocal determinism
• Observational learning
• Self-efficacy
• Locus of control
• Biological and Evolutionary Theories
• Psychodynamic approach
• Id, ego, and superego
• Interactionist Approach

Sport and Exercise Psychology Course Overview

This course covers theoretical frameworks, psychological factors influencing sport and exercise behaviour, and intervention strategies for performance enhancement.

• theoretical frameworks used by sport and exercise psychology researchers
• sport and exercise behaviour
• antecedents and consequences of sport and exercise participation
• psychological factors influencing sport and exercise behaviour
• intervention strategies for performance enhancement
• personality in sport and exercise
• motivation and behavioural change
• theories and models of behaviour change
• aggression and moral behaviour in sport
• sport psychology interventions
• leadership in sport and exercise
• stress, emotion and coping in sport and exercise
• anxiety in sport and exercise
• group cohesion in sport and exercise
• social influences on exercise
• aging and involvement in sport and physical activity
• coaching psychology
• youth involvement and positive development in sport
• physical activity and mental health
• body image in sport and exercise

Introduction to Sport and Exercise Psychology

An interdisciplinary scientific and applied field involving the study of human behaviour, affect, and cognition in sport and exercise settings.

• Sport and exercise psychology definitions
• Psychological factors on behaviour and performance
• Psychological development, health, and well-being
• Positive psychology in sport and exercise
• Resiliency
• Emotional, cognitive, and behavioural intervention approaches
• Quantitative and qualitative research approaches
• Multidimensional perspective of psychology disciplines