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Understanding Homelessness: Choice, Incapacity, and Social Structures Study Guide

This guide explains the economic concepts of market failure and the various reasons and methods governments use to intervene in housing markets. It covers supply-side and demand-side interventions, providing examples and discussing the complexities of housing policy.

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Dimensions and Perspectives of Housing Well-being

Concepts of Housing Well-being

An exploration of housing well-being through design guides, government policy, and the distinction between housing and general well-being.

  • housing well-being
  • human-centric neighbourhood approach
  • well-being design guide
  • government housing agenda
  • housing as a built structure
  • housing-related characteristics
  • general well-being

Subjective Housing Well-being and Individual Variations

This material explores the subjective dimension of housing well-being, focusing on how individual goals, values, and preferences lead to variations in housing satisfaction.

  • Subjective housing well-being
  • Individual variations in housing well-being
  • Individual goals and values
  • Objective housing well-being
  • Relative housing well-being
  • Goal-specific housing characteristics
  • Individual preferences for housing location

Dimensions of Housing Well-being

An exploration of the objective, relative, and subjective dimensions that constitute housing well-being and the constraints affecting housing expectations.

  • objective housing well-being
  • relative housing well-being
  • subjective housing well-being
  • universal basic housing requirements
  • psychological, residential, and behavioural adaptations
  • housing expectations and constraints
  • unsatisfiable human housing wants and demands

Perspectives and Characteristics of Housing

An examination of the various characteristics of housing as a necessity, investment, and interdisciplinary subject of study.

  • housing as a human necessity
  • housing as consumption and investment
  • psychological dimensions of housing
  • location-specific nature of housing
  • expressive value of housing
  • cost-benefit analysis in housing decisions
  • housing sectors and stakeholder roles
  • inelastic supply of housing and land
  • interdisciplinary nature of housing studies
  • housing as a health issue
  • economic impacts of housing markets

Social Development and the Right to Housing

Discrimination and Equal Right to Housing

An exploration of social development, human rights, and the dimensions of the right to housing within the context of Hong Kong.

  • Social development
  • Right to housing
  • Adequate housing
  • Affordable housing
  • Right to enjoy housing
  • Public rental housing
  • Non-self-contained private housing
  • Board-partitioned rooms

Defining Homelessness and the Dynamics of Choice

Defining Homelessness and the Housing Continuum

An analysis of how homelessness is defined, measured, and categorized through various social and structural lenses.

  • Defining homelessness
  • Home-to-homelessness continuum
  • Rooflessness
  • Houselessness
  • Insecure accommodation
  • Substandard housing
  • Street sleeping
  • Rough sleeping

Choice and Homelessness Analysis

An examination of whether homelessness constitutes a calculated choice, a free choice, or a choice out of incapacity due to addiction and mental illness.

  • Calculated choice
  • Free choice
  • Choice out of incapacity
  • Addictive behaviours
  • Mental illness prevalence
  • Vicious cycle of housing and mental health

Choice and Homelessness in Public Space

An analysis of Mill’s Harm Principle regarding the privatization of public space by street-sleepers and the distinction between genuine free choice and involuntary homelessness.

  • Mill’s Harm Principle
  • Privatization of public space
  • Involuntary street-sleeping
  • Fake choice vs. genuine choice
  • Unlawful occupation of government land
  • Social work and professional attention

Choice and Housing Dynamics

An analysis of genuine versus fake choice in housing options and the relationship between economic affordability and well-being.

  • Genuine choice
  • Fake choice
  • Housing ladder
  • Affordability
  • Well-being
  • Substandard housing
  • Public rental housing

Homeownership Dynamics and Third Sector Housing

Homeownership vs Renting Analysis

An examination of homeownership versus renting through historical background, industrialization, urbanization, and reasons for the decline of the private rental sector.

  • Homeownership
  • Renting
  • Agrarian capitalism
  • Industrialization
  • Urbanization
  • Market commodity
  • Private rental sector
  • Real incomes
  • Inflation
  • Mortgage payments
  • Rent control
  • Public rental housing
  • Subsidies for home ownership

Homeownership as Investment, Psychology, and Policy

Homeownership serves as a vehicle to protect savings and accumulate wealth, offers psychological utility, and involves various government policies and economic advantages or disadvantages.

  • Homeownership as investment
  • Protecting savings from inflation
  • Smoothing housing costs over a life cycle
  • Psychology of homeownership
  • Security of tenure
  • Utility and self identity
  • Policies favoring homeownership
  • Mortgage interest relief
  • Capital gains relief
  • Advantages of homeownership to government
  • Property owning democracy
  • Economic activity generation
  • Disadvantages of high homeownership rates
  • Housing market volatility
  • Security of occupation
  • Hong Kong housing sector

Homeownership vs Renting in Hong Kong

An analysis of instability in private rental housing and stability in public rental housing within Hong Kong.

  • instability for the poor in private rental housing
  • forced eviction of private tenants
  • stability in public rental housing
  • public rental housing rents
  • well-off tenants policies
  • tenancy termination in PRH
  • common tenancy abuse cases
  • homeownership decision

Homeownership Decisions and Social Housing

Home buying versus renting decisions are made upon the synergy of policy, material calculations, and social values, including the concept of social housing.

  • homeownership decision
  • housing and housing-related policy
  • economic calculations
  • cultural tendencies
  • social values
  • social housing
  • public housing
  • third sector housing
  • user cost

Third Sector Housing Development in Hong Kong

An analysis of market failure and government failure regarding housing quality, affordability, and the provision of adequate housing for low-income households in Hong Kong.

  • Market failure in housing
  • Performance failure of the housing market
  • Trade-off between housing quality and affordability
  • Government failure in housing
  • Public rental housing (PRH)
  • Subsidized sale flats
  • Sub-divided units
  • Housing discrimination against ethnic minorities and mainland new arrivals
  • Residence requirements for public housing

Government Support for Third Sector Housing

Nonprofit or third sector services provide public goods and work with government through financial support and non-financial policy facilitation.

  • Nonprofit or Third Sector Services
  • Government support
  • Non-financial policy facilitation
  • Financial support
  • Transitional housing programmes
  • Social capital building
  • Modular housing

Managing People in Third Sector Housing

Managing staff and volunteers as critical stakeholder groups involves attracting and motivating personnel through working conditions and professional voluntary services.

  • Managing people
  • Employees and volunteers
  • Critical stakeholder group
  • Attracting and motivating staff
  • Wage differential
  • Human resources management
  • Third sector housing
  • Professional volunteers

Third Sector Housing Development and Prospects

Recent developments and prospects for third sector housing including Light Public Housing, transitional housing, and social housing enterprises.

  • Third sector housing
  • Light Public Housing
  • Transitional housing
  • Social housing enterprise
  • Housing management
  • Non-profit social housing
  • Youth hostel
  • Social services
  • Below market-price home-ownership

Housing Policy and Government Intervention in Hong Kong

Right to Housing and Sub-divided Units

An examination of sub-divided units in Hong Kong, including legal definitions, building safety concerns, and the housing plight caused by market and government failure.

  • Sub-divided units
  • Buildings Ordinance
  • Minor Works Control System
  • Fire safety
  • Structural safety
  • Market failure
  • Government failure
  • Public rental housing
  • Land supply shortage
  • Habitability and safety
  • Overcrowding

Property Rights and the Right to Housing

An analysis of the conflict between landlord property rights and the right to housing for sub-divided unit dwellers.

  • private property rights
  • vertical rights of ownership
  • horizontal rights of ownership
  • sub-divided units
  • right to housing
  • building regulations
  • housing unaffordability
  • insecurity of tenure

Sub-divided Units and Housing Policy

An analysis of sub-divided units in Hong Kong, including property rights, lack of choice, and government measures such as transitional housing, light public housing, and the Basic Housing Unit regulatory regime.

  • property rights
  • right to housing
  • illegal building sub-divisions
  • market-oriented response
  • low-end housing demand
  • tenancy and rent control
  • transitional housing
  • light public housing
  • modular integrated construction
  • community living room
  • Basic Housing Unit regulatory regime
  • minimum standards of living conditions

Market Failure and Inefficient Outcomes

Government intervention in markets corrects market failure where markets deliver outcomes that fall short of the socially optimal.

  • Market Failure
  • Economies of Scale
  • Monopoly
  • Natural Monopolies
  • Public Goods
  • Nonexcludability
  • Nonrivalry
  • Nonrejectability
  • Free Ride
  • Externalities
  • Good Externalities
  • Bad Externalities

Rationales and Options for Government Housing Intervention

This content examines rationales for government intervention in housing including market failure, equity, and stabilization, alongside policy options such as non-intervention, supply side intervention, and demand side intervention.

  • Rationales for government intervention
  • Market failure
  • Negative and positive externalities
  • Equity and societal injustice
  • Merit goods
  • Stabilization and growth enhancement
  • Market-supporting approach
  • Planning and landuse intervention
  • Non-intervention and laissez-faire approach
  • Supply side intervention
  • Exhortation and regulation
  • State aid to production
  • State provision and state control
  • Demand side intervention
  • Consumerist policies

Government Intervention in Housing Markets

This content examines government intervention through tax allowances, grants, subsidies for homeownership, and rental subsidies to manage housing demand and affordability.

  • Tax allowance and grants
  • Mortgage interest tax relief
  • Stamp duty
  • Financial aid packages
  • Building maintenance assistance schemes
  • Homeownership subsidy
  • Rental subsidy
  • Cross-subsidization
  • Public rental housing
  • Homeownership Scheme

Government Intervention in Hong Kong Housing

Discussion regarding government intervention in the Hong Kong housing arena and various forms of housing policy.

  • government intervention
  • housing arena
  • housing policy
  • market failure
  • housing subsidies
  • housing finance
  • cross-subsidization
  • tax incentives
  • low-income housing tax credits
  • supply-side subsidies
  • demand-side subsidies

Housing Well-being, Policy, and Regional Perspectives

Objective and Relative Housing Well-being

An examination of universal basic requirements for housing well-being and the relative norms influenced by societal, geographical, and economic constraints.

  • Universal basic requirements of housing well-being
  • Fundamental human needs for housing
  • Objective housing standards
  • Relative housing well-being norms
  • Societal and geographical constraints on housing
  • Individual variation in adequate housing

Housing Issues, Politics, and Planning

An examination of housing as a social and political issue in Hong Kong, including its relationship with urban planning, inequality, and social exclusion.

  • housing as a social and political issue
  • impact of housing on public support
  • government role in providing adequate housing
  • public housing supply and waiting times
  • interest groups influencing housing policy
  • housing as a basic social good
  • urban planning and development density
  • sustainability-steered and livability-directed planning
  • trade-offs in town planning dimensions
  • participatory town planning processes
  • housing discrimination and racial segregation
  • intergenerational poverty and housing inequality
  • impact of poor housing on education and crime

Housing in East Asia

An examination of housing trends, state-led coordination, and the relationship between housing, family structures, and welfare in East Asian developmental states.

  • East Asian developmental states
  • top-down housing planning
  • intergenerational co-residency
  • household property asset wealth
  • single-person households
  • dual income families
  • reverse mortgage schemes
  • housing as consumption and investment

Housing in Hong Kong

An overview of housing sectors, household ownership statistics, and various living conditions in Hong Kong.

  • public housing sector
  • public rental housing
  • subsidized home-ownership housing
  • private housing sector
  • sub-divided units
  • cage-home
  • coffin-like bedspace
  • space capsule homes
  • luxurious flats

Justice in Housing Policy

An examination of housing need, government intervention, and the application of Confucian and Western principles of justice within housing policy.

  • non-self-satisfiable housing need
  • Confucian conception of the need principle
  • tiers of assistance in Confucian society
  • private property rights as a bundle of rights
  • Confucian conception of the rights principle
  • government assistance towards homeownership
  • social justice in Hong Kong housing policy
  • impact of inadequate housing on society

Understanding the Concept of Equality

Concepts of Equality and Discrimination

This topic explores the descriptive and normative senses of equality, the relationship between equality and discrimination, and the application of relevant criteria in social contexts.

  • Descriptive sense of equality
  • Normative sense of equality
  • Equality vs. same treatment
  • Relevant criteria for equality
  • Discrimination and arbitrary treatment
  • Equal right to housing

Housing Choice, Affordability, and Constraints

Choice and Homelessness in Hong Kong

An examination of personal choice, deviant choice, and the distinction between genuine and fake housing choices among street-sleepers in Hong Kong.

  • Freedom and Liberty
  • Personal Choice in Homelessness
  • Deviant Choice
  • Genuine Housing Choice
  • Fake Housing Choice
  • Public Rental Housing (PRH) Policy
  • Quota and Points System (QPS)
  • Inadequate Housing
  • Informal Housing

Choice and Housing Affordability

Financial incomes tend to determine the options available to a household in choosing its housing and affordability.

  • Financial incomes
  • Housing affordability
  • Housing options
  • Household choice

Public Rental Housing Choice and Constraints

An analysis of housing choice, district allocation, and eligibility limits for Public Rental Housing (PRH) in Hong Kong.

  • PRH eligibility limits
  • District allocation categories
  • Waiting time dynamics
  • Geographical choice constraints
  • Income and asset limits

Topic 3

Equal Right to Housing and Discrimination

Same-Sex Couples and Public Rental Housing Eligibility

An analysis of the legal evolution regarding same-sex couples' eligibility for public rental housing and subsidized homes in Hong Kong.

  • Public Rental Housing (PRH) eligibility
  • Ordinary Families criteria
  • Judicial Review
  • Court of Final Appeal decision
  • Basic Law marriage definitions
  • Administrative adjustments to housing applications

Equal Right to Housing in Hong Kong

An examination of equal right to housing in Hong Kong involving non-discriminatory attitudes from the government, private landlords, property agents, and the public.

  • Equal Right to Housing
  • Anti-discrimination legislation
  • Social Development
  • Racial encounters and discrimination
  • Non-discriminatory attitude
  • Disadvantaged groups

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