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Understanding Autoimmunity and Alloimmunity: Mechanisms and Examples Study Guide

This guide covers the fundamental aspects of innate immunity and the inflammatory response. It details the body's first line of defense, the cardinal signs of inflammation, key plasma protein systems (complement, coagulation, kinin), cellular recognition mechanisms (PRRs, PAMPs, DAMPs), chemical mediators like histamine and lipid products, the roles of phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), cytokine signaling, and the progression from acute to chronic inflammation, ultimately leading to tissu

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Altered Immune Responses and Hypersensitivity Mechanisms

Altered Immune Responses and Hypersensitivity

Altered immune responses include allergy, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity, characterized by hypersensitivity reactions that result in disease or damage to the host.

  • Allergy
  • Autoimmunity
  • Alloimmunity
  • Immunologic homeostasis
  • Sensitization
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
  • Type I Hypersensitivity
  • Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
  • Mast cell degranulation
  • Type II Hypersensitivity
  • Tissue-specific reactions
  • Blood Transfusion Reaction
  • Type III Hypersensitivity
  • Immune complex mediated
  • Type IV Hypersensitivity
  • Cell mediated
  • Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
  • Helper T (Th) cells

Causes and Mechanisms of Autoimmunity and Alloimmunity

Potential causes of autoimmunity include molecular mimicry, neoantigen development, and ineffective peripheral tolerance, alongside manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus and mechanisms of alloimmune graft rejection.

  • Potential causes of autoimmunity
  • Molecular mimicry
  • Neoantigen development
  • Haptens
  • Ineffective peripheral tolerance
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
  • Autoantibodies
  • Circulating immune complexes
  • Neonatal alloimmunity
  • Fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT)
  • Alloimmune graft rejection

Innate Immunity and the Inflammatory Response

Mechanisms of Inflammation and Innate Immunity

This content explores the components of innate resistance, the physiological pathways of inflammation, and the roles of various cytokines and phagocytes.

  • innate resistance
  • adaptive immunity
  • cardinal signs of inflammation
  • complement system
  • coagulation system
  • kinin system
  • pattern recognition receptors
  • mast cell degranulation
  • histamine receptors
  • prostaglandins
  • leukotrienes
  • phagocytosis
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • cytokines
  • chemokines
  • vasodilation
  • vascular permeability

Mechanisms of Acute and Chronic Inflammation

This content describes the systemic response, cellular activation, and progression from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation, granuloma formation, and tissue repair processes.

  • Inflammatory stimulus
  • Cytokines
  • Acute phase proteins
  • Systemic inflammation
  • Granuloma formation
  • Neutrophil degranulation
  • Lymphocyte activation
  • Fibroblast activation
  • Tissue resolution
  • Tissue repair
  • Angiogenesis
  • Wound contraction
  • Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
  • Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
  • Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
  • Chemical mediators
  • Vasodilation

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