The Molecules of Cells: From Atoms to Life Study Guide
This guide explores the fundamental chemical building blocks of life, starting with atomic structure and the formation of chemical bonds. It delves into the unique properties of water and its role in biological systems, including pH and buffers. Finally, it examines the four major classes of organic macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, explaining their structures, functions, and the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. It also touches upon cellular en
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Membrane Structure, Function, and Permeability
Membrane Structure and Function
The fluid-mosaic model describes a phospholipid bilayer containing integral and peripheral proteins that regulate selective permeability through diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and facilitated transport.
- fluid-mosaic model
- phospholipid
- integral proteins
- peripheral proteins
- cholesterol
- channel proteins
- carrier proteins
- cell recognition proteins
- receptor proteins
- enzymic proteins
- selective permeability
- diffusion
- osmosis
- passive transport
- active transport
- ATP
- exocytosis
- endocytosis
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Redox Reactions
Metabolism Energy and Enzymes
Metabolism encompasses chemical reactions in a cell involving energy transformations, enzymes, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Chemical energy
- Mechanical energy
- First law of thermodynamics
- Second law of thermodynamics
- Entropy
- Anabolic reactions
- Catabolic reactions
- Endergonic reactions
- Exergonic reactions
- ATP cycle
- Adenosine triphosphate
- Adenosine diphosphate
- Metabolic pathways
- Enzymes
- Activation energy
- Substrate
- Induced fit model
- Enzyme inhibition
Overview of Cellular Respiration and ATP Production
Cellular Respiration Processes and ATP Production
This study guide explains the phases of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
- Cellular respiration equation
- Electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)
- Glycolysis
- Preparatory reaction
- Citric acid cycle
- Electron transport chain
- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Fermentation
- Mitochondria structure
- ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis
- Oxidation and reduction
- Lactic acid fermentation
Cellular Respiration and Energy Production
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Overview of Photosynthesis and Energy Conversion
Mechanisms of Photosynthesis and Carbon Fixation
Autotrophs use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates through light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
- Autotrophs and heterotrophs
- Photosynthesis chemical equation
- Light reactions
- Thylakoid membrane
- Stroma
- Noncyclic electron pathway
- Cyclic electron pathway
- Photolysis
- ATP synthase
- Carbon dioxide fixation
- RuBP
- C3, C4, and CAM plants
- Photorespiration
- Cellular respiration comparison
The Molecules of Cells
The Molecules of Cells
An overview of atomic structure, chemical bonds, water properties, and the four classes of organic macromolecules.
- atomic structure
- protons
- electrons
- isotopes
- periodic table
- molecules
- compounds
- ionic bonds
- covalent bonds
- hydrogen bonds
- water properties
- pH scale
- buffers
- organic molecules
- inorganic molecules
- functional groups
- monomers
- polymers
- dehydration reactions
The Molecules of Cells: From Atoms to Life
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Biology: The Study of Life and Science
Biology: The Study of Life
An introduction to the basic characteristics of life, levels of biological organization, classification of organisms, and the scientific method.
- characteristics of life
- levels of biological organization
- adaptation
- evolution
- taxonomy
- systematics
- domains of life
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- scientific method
- hypothesis
- theory
- control group
- experimental variable
- science vs technology
- climate change
- biodiversity loss
- emerging diseases
Cell Structure, Function, and Evolution
Cell Structure, Function, and Evolution
An examination of cell theory, the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, organelle functions, the cytoskeleton, and the endosymbiotic theory.
- Cell theory
- Prokaryotic cells
- Eukaryotic cells
- Organelles
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Peroxisomes
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Cytoskeleton
- Actin filaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules
- Centrosome
- Flagella
- Centrioles
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