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Nursing Process and Pharmacology Fundamentals Study Guide

This guide covers the science fundamentals of CNS drugs, the classification of pain, and the physiological processes of transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. It also delves into cellular electrophysiology, inflammation, the arachidonic acid pathway, and the mechanisms of analgesics and neurotransmitters.

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CNS and Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacology

CNS Drugs and Pain Physiology Fundamentals

This content covers the science fundamentals of CNS drugs, the classification of pain, and the physiological processes of transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation.

pharmacokinetics
pharmacodynamics
chlorpromazine
phenothiazines
acute pain
chronic pain
nociceptive pain
neuropathic pain
ischemic pain
referred pain
transmembrane potential
resting potential
graded potential
action potential
presynaptic inhibition
presynaptic facilitation
spinothalamic pathway
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin

Enzyme Function and NSAID Mechanisms

This content reviews enzymes as globular protein catalysts and discusses how NSAIDs inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.

Enzymes
Substrate
Enzyme-substrate complex
Active site
Lock and key model
Competitive inhibitors
Non-competitive inhibitors
NSAIDs
Prostaglandins
Analgesic effects
Anti-inflammatory effects
Antipyretic effects
Antiplatelet effects

Pharmacology of Analgesics, Anaesthetics, and Psychotherapeutics

This content covers the mechanisms of action for analgesics, opioid agonists, anaesthetics, neuromuscular blocking drugs, CNS depressants, and antidepressants.

COX-2 inhibition
Opioid receptor binding
Full, mild, and partial agonists
General, local, and procedural anaesthesia
Neuromuscular blocking drugs
Neuromuscular transmission
Depolarizing and nondepolarizing NMBDs
Sedatives and hypnotics
Benzodiazepine GABA receptor modulation
Barbiturate mechanism of action
Tricyclic antidepressants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

CNS Depressants: Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates

Nursing applications for benzodiazepines and barbiturates including assessment, monitoring, patient teaching, and risks of withdrawal, dependence, and overdose.

Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
Sedation
Anxiety relief
Skeletal muscle relaxation
Seizure disorders
Alcohol withdrawal symptoms
Pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines
Cytochrome P450 inhibition
Paradoxical excitement
Orthostatic hypotension
Benzodiazepine withdrawal
Flumazenil antidote
Low therapeutic index
Hepatic enzyme induction
REM sleep disruption

Nursing Application of CNS Medications

Nursing considerations for psychotherapeutic drugs including mood stabilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics.

Lithium pharmacokinetics and toxicity
Sodium and lithium relationship
SSRI and SNRI monitoring
Serotonin syndrome vs neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Antipsychotic metabolic monitoring
Clozapine monitoring and agranulocytosis risk
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Tardive dyskinesia
Anticholinergic burden
Falls in older adults

Autonomic Nervous System Medications Review

A review of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system including neurotransmitters, receptors, and physiological effects.

Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic (adrenergic) branch
Parasympathetic (cholinergic) branch
Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
Acetylcholine
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
Nicotinic receptors
Alpha-1 receptors

Autonomic Nervous System Cholinergic Medications

This module covers cholinergic drugs and cholinergic-blocking drugs, including their mechanisms, indications, adverse effects, and nursing considerations.

Cholinergic drugs
Parasympathomimetics
Acetylcholine
Nicotinic receptors
Direct-acting cholinergics
Indirect-acting cholinergics
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Cholinergic crisis
Atropine
Cholinergic-blocking drugs
Parasympatholytics
Anticholinergic toxicity
Anticholinergic burden
Physostigmine
Toxidromes

Fundamentals of Pharmacology and Nursing Management

Principles of Pharmacology and Nursing Practice

Explain the principles of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacotherapy while employing the nursing process to provide safe administration of medications.

pharmacokinetics
pharmacodynamics
pharmacotherapy
ADME model
drug-receptor interactions
agonist
antagonist
partial agonist
competitive antagonist
non-competitive antagonist

Nursing Process and Pharmacology Fundamentals

This content explores the nursing process applied to drug therapy, including safe medication administration, the ten rights, and core pharmacological terminology.

Nursing process
Pharmacology
Adherence
Assessment
Nursing diagnoses
Planning
Outcome criteria
Implementation
The Ten Rights of medication administration
Medication errors

Drug Naming, Classification, and Pharmacokinetics

This content covers drug naming conventions, classification criteria, pharmaceutical forms, and the processes of pharmacokinetics including absorption and routes of administration.

Drug naming conventions
Drug classes
Pharmaceutical forms
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
First-pass effect
Enteral route
Parenteral route
Topical route

Fundamentals of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

An overview of pharmacokinetics including drug distribution, metabolism, excretion, and half-life, alongside pharmacodynamics involving mechanisms of action through receptor, enzyme, and non-selective interactions.

Distribution
Carrier proteins
Albumin
Metabolism
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
Excretion
Half-life
Pharmacodynamics
Therapeutic effect
Mechanisms of Action

Introduction to Pharmacotherapeutics and Therapy Types

The clinical use of drugs to prevent or treat pathological conditions involves monitoring therapeutic effects, adverse drug events, and drug interactions.

Pharmacotherapeutics
Therapeutic outcome
Types of therapy
Therapeutic index
Drug monitoring
Drug interactions
Additive effects
Synergistic effects
Antagonistic effects
Pharmacodynamics

Non-opioid Analgesia and Acetaminophen Nursing Management

Nursing considerations for assessing, administering, monitoring, and teaching for non-opioid analgesia, opioid analgesia, anaesthesia, CNS depressants, and psychotherapeutic drugs.

Non-opioid analgesia
NSAIDs
Acetaminophen ceiling
COX-1 and COX-2 mechanisms
Gastric protection
Platelet aggregation
Renal perfusion
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and anti-platelet effects
Codeine metabolism
Acetaminophen overdose and acetylcysteine antidote
Drug interactions

Nursing Application of Opioid Analgesia

Nursing assessment and management of opioid analgesia including agonist, agonist-antagonist, and antagonist categories, sedation monitoring, and naloxone reversal.

Opioid categories
Agonists
Agonist-antagonists
Antagonists
Analgesic ceiling
Pre-administration assessment
Sedation scales
Pasero Opioid-Induced Sedation Scale (POSS)
RASS
Respiratory depression

Nursing Applications of CNS Medications

Nursing roles and considerations for general anaesthesia, procedural sedation, local and regional anaesthesia, malignant hyperthermia, and neuromuscular blocking drugs.

Procedural sedation
Local and regional anaesthesia
Malignant hyperthermia
Neuromuscular blocking drugs
Dantrolene sodium
Cardiovascular effects of anaesthetics
Respiratory muscle paralysis
Systemic toxicity
Mechanical ventilation requirements

Case Study Total Hip Replacement Pain Management

An unfolding case study evaluating preoperative pain management, anesthesia agents, and post-operative monitoring for a patient with multiple comorbidities.

non-opioid options for preoperative pain management
opioid use benefits and risks
general anesthesia versus regional anaesthesia
midazolam
ketamine
succinylcholine
isoflurane
patient-controlled analgesia device
volatile gas complications
neuromuscular blocking drug
dissociative anaesthetic
benzodiazepine
inhaled anaesthetic

Cardiovascular and Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacology

Adrenergic Drugs and Autonomic Nervous System Medications

Adrenergic drugs mimic sympathetic transmitters through direct-acting, indirect-acting, or mixed-acting mechanisms to produce physiological responses.

Sympathomimetics
Catecholamines
Direct-acting adrenergic drugs
Indirect-acting adrenergic drugs
Mixed-acting adrenergic drugs
Alpha-1 selective agonists
Alpha-2 selective agonists
Beta-1 selective agonists
Beta-2 selective agonists
Non-selective adrenergic agonists

Adrenergic and Adrenergic-Blocking Medications

This module covers autonomic nervous system medications including sympatholytics, alpha blockers, and beta blockers, focusing on their mechanisms, indications, adverse effects, and nursing considerations.

Adrenergic-blocking drugs (sympatholytics)
Alpha-1 blockers
Non-selective alpha blockers
Cardioselective beta-1 blockers
Non-selective beta blockers
Competitive and irreversible blockade
Alpha-1 blockade effects
Beta-1 versus beta-2 blockade
Hypoglycaemia unawareness
Receptor upregulation and rebound tachycardia

Cardiovascular System Medications Nursing Application

Nursing application for cardiovascular system medications including antihypertensive drugs, ACE inhibitors, and RAAS interventions.

Antihypertensive drugs
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Vasodilation
Systemic vascular resistance
Afterload
Preload
Angioedema

Cardiovascular System Medications and Nursing Management

Nursing considerations for antidysrhythmics, coagulation modifier drugs, and antilipemic agents including assessment, monitoring, and administration.

Class III antidysrhythmics
Amiodarone pharmacokinetics
Adenosine administration
Anticoagulants
Warfarin and INR monitoring
Direct oral anticoagulants
Antiplatelets

Cardiovascular System Medications and Heart Failure

Nursing considerations for HFrEF therapy pillars, digoxin administration, and antidysrhythmic drug classifications.

Heart failure pathophysiology
Ejection fraction (HFrEF, HFpEF)
Four pillars of HFrEF therapy
Sacubitril/valsartan
Beta blockers (bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol succinate)
MRA (spironolactone, eplerenone)
Digoxin mechanism and toxicity
Cardiac glycosides

CVS Drugs Science Fundamentals

Review of cardiovascular system physiology and mechanisms of action for drugs used to treat CVS disorders.

cardiovascular system physiology
blood pressure regulation
cardiac output
myocardial oxygen demand and supply
hypertension
antianginal drugs
heart failure pathophysiology
antidysrhythmic drugs
coagulation cascade
dyslipidemia

Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Autonomic Physiology

Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Adrenergic receptors
Nicotinic receptors
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Angiotensin II
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
Vasodilators
Beta-blockers
Angina pathophysiology
Nitrates
Heart failure
Inotropic drugs

Pharmacology of Hemostasis and Coagulation Modifiers

Coagulation modifier drugs interrupt, promote, or protect steps of hemostasis including vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and the coagulation cascade.

Hemostasis
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation cascade
Anticoagulants
Antithrombin III
Warfarin
Vitamin K antagonists
Direct oral anticoagulants
Antiplatelet drugs
NSAIDS
Cyclooxygenase inhibition
Thromboxane A2
ADP receptor inhibitors
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Thrombolytic drugs
Fibrinolysis
Plasminogen

Lipid Metabolism and Antilipemic Drugs

Triglycerides and cholesterol function as energy sources and precursors for steroid hormones, cell membranes, and bile acids, while lipoproteins facilitate their transport.

Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Atherosclerotic plaques
Coronary artery disease
Lipoproteins
Chylomicron
VLDL
LDL
HDL
HMG-CoA reductase
Bile salts
Lipoprotein lipase
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Statins
Bile acid sequestrants
Fibrates
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α
Nicotinic acid

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