Nursing Management of Head Injury and Intracranial Pressure Study Guide
This guide provides a foundational understanding of the human nervous system. It covers the central and peripheral nervous systems, the cells that make up the nervous system, and how it is protected. It also briefly discusses how the nervous system is assessed and how it changes with age.
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Nervous System Structures and Spinal Cord Management
Nursing Management of Spinal Cord Problems
This content covers spinal cord anatomy, back pain evaluation, spinal cord injury mechanisms, and clinical manifestations including various incomplete spinal cord injury syndromes.
- Spinal cord anatomy
- Back pain evaluation and treatment
- Spinal cord injury mechanisms
- Primary and secondary injury
- Spinal shock
- Neurogenic shock
- Clinical manifestations of SCI
- Complete spinal cord injury levels
- Surgical management of spinal cord problems
- Nursing management and rehabilitation
- Incomplete spinal cord injury syndromes
- Autonomic hyperreflexia
Nursing Management of Spinal Cord Injuries
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Structures and Functions of the Nervous System
The human nervous system consists of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, comprising neurons, neuroglia, and various protective structures.
- Central nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
- Neurons
- Neuroglia
- Action potential
- Synapse
- Neurotransmitter
- Spinal cord
- Brain
- Cerebrum
- Brainstem
- Autonomic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Blood-brain barrier
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Electroencephalography
- Electromyography
Structures and Functions of the Nervous System
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Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Problems
Spinal cord injury involves trauma resulting in spinal shock, neurogenic shock, and various syndromes affecting motor and sensory function.
- Spinal cord injury
- Spinal shock
- Neurogenic shock
- Mechanisms of injury
- Complete and incomplete cord involvement
- Central cord syndrome
- Anterior cord syndrome
- Brown-Séquard syndrome
- Cauda equina syndrome
- Conus medullaris syndrome
- Neurogenic bladder
- Neurogenic bowel
- Poikilothermia
- Autonomic dysreflexia
- Spinal cord tumors
Spinal Tumors and Cranial Nerve Disorders
This content discusses spinal cord tumors, trigeminal neuralgia, Bell's palsy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome including symptoms, treatments, and nursing care.
- Spinal cord tumors
- Trigeminal neuralgia
- Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
- Facial nerve (CN VII)
- Peripheral nervous system
- Polyneuropathy
- Pain management
- Surgical therapy
- Radiation and chemotherapy
Neuropathic Disorders and Tetanus Management
This content discusses Guillain-Barré syndrome, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and tetanus infections involving nerve inflammation and neurotoxins.
- Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
- Tetanus
- Clostridium tetani
- Neurotransmission loss
- Respiratory failure
- Demyelination
- Immunologic reaction
- Trismus
- Tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
- Supportive care
Spinal Cord Injury Assessment and Syndromes
Assessment of spinal cord injuries involves monitoring motor and sensory changes, respiratory status, and complications like autonomic dysreflexia.
- Complete and partial spinal cord transection
- Central cord syndrome
- Anterior cord syndrome
- Posterior cord syndrome
- Brown-Séquard syndrome
- Conus medullaris syndrome
- Cauda equina syndrome
- Autonomic dysreflexia
- Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia)
- Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral level injuries
- Neurogenic bladder
- Respiratory failure and phrenic nerve innervation
Nursing Management of Spinal Cord Injuries
Nursing interventions and priority actions for clients experiencing autonomic dysreflexia, cervical traction, and spinal cord injuries.
- Autonomic dysreflexia
- Skull tongs
- Halo traction
- Halo fixation device
- Decompressive laminectomy
- Spinal fusion
- Cerebral aneurysm
- Muscle spasticity medications
- Pin site care
- Neurological status monitoring
Nursing Management of Neurological and Spinal Injuries
Nursing Management of Head Injury and ICP
Nursing management priorities and measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) including ventriculostomy monitoring and assessment of ICP waveforms.
- Nursing diagnoses for head injuries
- Intracranial adaptive capacity
- Ineffective tissue perfusion
- Measurement of ICP
- Ventriculostomy
- CSF drainage
- Fiberoptic catheter
- Pneumatic technology
- ICP waveforms
- Inaccurate ICP readings
Nursing Management of Head Injury and Intracranial Pressure
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Interprofessional Care for Elevated ICP
Interprofessional care for elevated intracranial pressure involves treating the underlying cause, supporting brain function, and managing drug therapy, nursing assessment, and acute care priorities.
- Elevated ICP interprofessional care
- Drug therapy including Mannitol, hypertonic saline, and corticosteroids
- Nursing assessment of motor strength and motor response
- Nursing diagnoses for decreased intracranial adaptive capacity and ineffective tissue perfusion
- Acute care respiratory function and positioning
- Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) calculation
- Management of vasogenic edema
Spinal Cord Injury Case Study
A vertebral compression injury involving spinal immobilization, respiratory assessment, and nursing interventions.
- Spinal cord injury
- Vertebral compression injury
- Spinal immobilization
- Cervical collar
- Cervical tongs and traction
- Halo fixation device
- Respiratory assessment
- Mechanical ventilation
- Impaired Physical Mobility
- Logrolling technique
- Bladder retraining program
- Neurologic status assessment
Nursing Management of Neurological Injuries
Clinical interventions and assessments for managing increased intracranial pressure, hyperthermia, traumatic head injuries, craniotomy, and spinal cord injury.
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Anticonvulsants
- Corticosteroids
- Hyperosmotic agents
- Hyperthermia
- Normothermia
- Traumatic head injury
- Concussion
- Contusion
- Epidural hematoma
- Subdural hematoma
- Intracerebral hemorrhage
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage
- Craniotomy
- Spinal cord injury
- Postoperative positioning
Emergency Management of Traumatic Brain Injury
Nursing prioritization and assessment for clients experiencing traumatic brain injury, increased intracranial pressure, and related complications.
- Intracranial pressure (ICP)
- Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
- Brainstem herniation
- Decerebrate posturing
- Neurogenic shock
- Hypovolemic shock
- Compartment syndrome
- Diabetes insipidus
- Gastric stress ulcers
- Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis
- SBAR communication
- Aspiration prevention
- Epidural hematoma
Management of Acute Intracranial Problems and Head Injuries
Acute Intracranial Problems and Head Injuries
Head injuries include trauma to the scalp, skull, and brain, categorized as focal or diffuse injuries such as concussions.
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- Focal and diffuse injuries
- Concussion grading by GCS
- Nursing assessment of subjective and objective data
- Cushing’s triad
- Battle’s sign and Raccoon eyes
- Postconcussion syndrome
- Scalp lacerations
- Skull fractures
- Basilar skull fractures
- Coup-contrecoup mechanism
- Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
- Diagnostic testing including CT scan and MRI
- Emergency treatment and stabilization
Types and Management of Head Injuries
Clinical features, causes, and nursing management for various head injuries including subdural hematomas, epidural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and diffuse axonal injury.
- Subdural Hematomas (SDH)
- Epidural hematoma
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
- Intracerebral Hematoma
- Diffuse axonal injury
- Brain tissue laceration
- Brain tissue contusion
- Intracerebral hemorrhage
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Increased ICP
- Nursing Management
- Cerebral vasospasm
- Herniation
Cerebral Edema and Increased ICP
- Cerebral herniation
- Tentorial herniation
- Uncal herniation
- Cingulate herniation
- Cushing’s triad
- Cranial nerve compression
- Decerebrate posturing
- Decorticate posturing
- Diagnostic studies
- Nursing management
Management and Regulation of Acute Intracranial Problems
Interprofessional care involves the management of intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral perfusion pressure to prevent secondary injury and complications like ischemia or herniation.
- Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
- Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
- Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
- Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- Cushing’s triad
- Autoregulation
- Skull fractures
- Subdural and epidural hematomas
- Cerebral vascular resistance
- Herniation
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Vasogenic edema
- Cytotoxic edema
- Cerebral herniation
- ICP monitoring
- Ventriculostomy
Management of Increased ICP and Brain Injuries
- Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
- Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
- Neurologic assessment
- Head injury classification
- Skull fractures
- Brain injury types
- Concussion
- Contusion
- Hematoma types
- Brain tumors
- Cranial surgery
- Brain abscess
Bacterial Meningitis, Viral Meningitis, and Encephalitis
Manifestations, diagnosis, and management of bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, and encephalitis.
- Bacterial meningitis
- Viral meningitis
- Encephalitis
- Meningeal tissues
- Antimicrobial therapy
- Increased ICP
- Lumbar puncture
- CSF analysis
- Respiratory isolation
- Enteroviruses
- Arboviruses
- Human immunodeficiency virus
- Herpes simplex virus
- Photophobia
- Nuchal rigidity
Case Studies in Increased Intracranial Pressure
Case studies regarding increased intracranial pressure, subdural hematoma, and nursing interventions for head injury patients.
- increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
- subacute subdural hematoma
- compensatory mechanisms
- ICP monitoring devices
- craniotomy
- ventriculostomy
- drug therapies for ICP
- nursing measures
- nursing interventions
Case Study of Epidural Hematoma
A case study involving a patient with a head injury, epidural hematoma, and traumatic brain injury following a motor vehicle accident.
- head injury
- epidural hematoma
- traumatic brain injury
- change in LOC
- nursing diagnoses
- neurologic status
- emergency treatment
- priority care
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