Skip to main content

Glucocorticoid Pharmacology and Clinical Applications in Veterinary Medicine Study Guide

Explore the diverse mechanisms and classes of antimicrobial agents, focusing on beta-lactams, protein synthesis inhibitors, nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, and cell membrane disruptors. Learn about antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and key examples within each category.

Save this study guide to your study set

Sign up free

Your learning path

Mechanisms and Classes of Antimicrobial Agents

Review of Antimicrobials and Beta-Lactams

This review covers beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, and their inhibition of bacterial cell wall formation.

  • Beta-lactam antibiotics
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Carbapenems
  • Beta-lactamase
  • Transpeptidase enzymes
  • Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Cell wall formation
  • Nucleic acid synthesis
  • Protein synthesis
  • RNA polymerase
  • Cell membrane

Review of Antimicrobials and Protein Synthesis

This review covers the action of antimicrobial drugs including vancomycin, polymyxins, and antibiotics that block protein synthesis by targeting prokaryotic ribosomal activity.

  • Vancomycin pharmacology
  • Polymyxins membrane distortion
  • Cell membrane disruption
  • Protein synthesis inhibition
  • Prokaryotic ribosome subunits
  • 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits
  • Macrolides and lincosamides
  • Streptomycin mechanism of action
  • Erythromycin translocation prevention
  • Tetracyclines tRNA attachment interference
  • Chloramphenicol toxicity
  • Selective toxicity

Review of Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Classes

This review covers various antimicrobial agents including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, chloramphenicols, quinolones, sulfonamides, and rifampicin, focusing on their mechanisms of action and clinical considerations.

  • Tetracyclines
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Macrolides
  • Lincosamides
  • Chloramphenicols
  • Quinolones
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Sulfonamides
  • Rifampicin
  • Bacteriostatic
  • Bactericidal
  • Ribosome binding
  • Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition
  • DNA replication inhibition
  • RNA polymerase inhibition
  • Folic acid synthesis interference
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
  • Broth dilution method

Review of Antimicrobials

General review of antimicrobial principles and selection.

  • Selective Toxicity
  • Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Glycopeptides
  • Vancomycin
  • Beta-lactamases
  • Gram-positive and Gram-negative activity
  • Cell wall synthesis inhibition

Regulatory Aspects of Veterinary Drugs and Pharmacology

Cephalosporin Regulatory Aspects and Prohibition

The FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine issued an order prohibiting certain uses of the cephalosporin class of antimicrobial drugs in food-producing animals for antimicrobial stewardship and antimicrobial resistance monitoring.

  • Cephalosporin Order of Prohibition
  • Antimicrobial Stewardship
  • Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring
  • Food-producing animals
  • Extra-label uses

History of Food and Drug Regulation

The evolution of regulatory aspects from the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act to the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.

  • Pure Food and Drugs Act
  • Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
  • FDA authority
  • Misbranding
  • Extralabel drug usage
  • Drug safety standards
  • Cosmetic regulation
  • Medical device regulation

Regulatory Aspects and Adverse Event Reporting

Covers FDA/USDA/EPA regulation and adverse event reporting.

  • Adverse drug reaction
  • Drug regulation
  • FDA drug approval process
  • USDA regulation of veterinary biologics
  • EPA regulation of parasiticides
  • Over the counter (OTC) drugs
  • Prescription (RX) drugs
  • Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) drugs
  • New Animal Drug Application (NADA)
  • Target Animal Safety
  • Human Food Safety
  • Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls
  • Environmental Impact
  • Generic Animal Drugs
  • Conditional Approval
  • Indexed Drug

AMDUCA and Extralabel Use

Regulations regarding extralabel drug use in food and companion animals.

  • AMDUCA extralabel use provisions
  • Food animal drug considerations
  • Drug residue risk to public health
  • Withdrawal, withholding, and discard times
  • Prohibition of compounding from bulk substances
  • Food animal drug restriction groups
  • Antimicrobial resistance concerns
  • Prohibited drugs in food-producing animals

Veterinary Pharmacology of Anti-inflammatories, Antivirals, and Antiparasitics

Anti-NGF Monoclonal Antibodies in Veterinary Medicine

  • Anti-NGF Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Bedinvetmab
  • Osteoarthritis pain management
  • Mechanism of action
  • Nerve Growth Factor signaling
  • TrKA receptors
  • Peripheral and central sensitization
  • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
  • Adverse events
  • Rapidly progressive osteoarthritis
  • Joint homeostasis

Large Animal NSAIDs and Pain Management

This document discusses analgesic compounds, indications, and dosage for pain and fever management in livestock including cattle, horses, and swine.

  • NSAIDs
  • Flunixin meglumine
  • Ketoprofen
  • Meloxicam
  • Phenylbutazone
  • Pain management challenges
  • Analgesic compounds
  • Indications
  • Dosage
  • Route of administration
  • Withhold time
  • Pyrexia
  • Mastitis
  • Respiratory disease

Veterinary NSAIDs and Anti-inflammatories

Covers NSAIDs, species-specific uses, and monoclonal antibodies for pain.

  • NSAID drug interactions
  • Common side effects in animals
  • Clinical applications in veterinary species
  • Drug classifications and brand names
  • Piprants mechanism of action
  • Prostaglandin receptor antagonists
  • EP4 receptor binding

Veterinary Antiviral Drugs

Mechanisms and applications of antiviral drugs in veterinary medicine.

  • Antiviral selectivity
  • Viral replication cycle
  • Feline Infectious Peritonitis
  • Remdesivir
  • Molnupiravir
  • Nucleoside analogs
  • Nucleotide analogs
  • Idoxuridine
  • Trifluridine
  • Cidofovir
  • L-Lysine
  • RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
  • Viral DNA polymerase
  • Error catastrophe
  • Chain termination

Antiparasitic and Antiprotozoal Pharmacology

Mechanisms and classes of anthelmintics and antiprotozoals.

  • Selective toxicity
  • Anthelmintics
  • Benzimidazoles
  • Macrocyclic lactones
  • Isoquinolones
  • Emodepside
  • Piperazine
  • Melarsomine
  • Mechanism of action
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • MDR1 mutation
  • Glutamate-gated chloride channels
  • Beta-tubulin inhibition
  • Spastic paralysis
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Teratogenicity
  • Drug resistance

Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacology and Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Anti-inflammatory Drugs

NSAIDs and Glucocorticoids.

  • Arachidonic acid cascade
  • Cyclooxygenase inhibition
  • COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
  • Prostaglandin synthesis
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD)
  • Species-specific drug metabolism
  • Gastrointestinal ulcers
  • Renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • Cardiovascular risk and platelet function
  • Prostaglandin receptor antagonists
  • Plasma protein binding

Clinical Pharmacology Fundamentals

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, potency, and efficacy.

  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Absorption
  • Bioavailability
  • Clearance
  • Biotransformation
  • Elimination half-life
  • Steady-state concentrations
  • Volume of Distribution
  • Area Under the Curve
  • Antagonism
  • Potency
  • Efficacy
  • Therapeutic window
  • Therapeutic index
  • Therapeutic drug monitoring
  • Mechanism of action

Receptors and Adverse Reactions

Opioid receptors and classification of adverse drug reactions.

  • Agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Partial agonist
  • Mu receptors
  • Kappa agonist
  • Kappa antagonist
  • Fentanyl
  • Butorphanol
  • Buprenorphine
  • Naloxone
  • Dose response curve

Make it your own.

Keep these readings and topics in a new study set, or add them to one you already use.