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Advanced Pathophysiology Course Study Guide

This guide covers essential concepts in cell biology, including organelle functions and cell division. It delves into the complexities of the immune system, differentiating between innate and adaptive responses, and exploring the mechanisms of pathogen defense and evasion. The guide also introduces fundamental principles of genetics, such as inheritance patterns and gene editing technologies like CRISPR, along with epigenetic modifications and their impact on gene expression. Clinical considerat

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Blood Cell Functions, Neoplasia, and Leukemia

Hematology and Neoplasia Exam Review

Understanding the Four Major Cellular Adaptations

Major Cellular Adaptations to Stress

Cells undergo atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, or metaplasia as survival strategies in response to increased workload, reduced blood supply, hormonal stimulation, or chronic irritation.

Advanced Pathophysiology Course Overview

Cell Structure and Organelle Functions

Cell Structure and Transport Terms

A collection of terms defining cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, DNA, RNA, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

  • Cell Membrane
  • Proteins
  • Cholesterol
  • Carbohydrates
  • Receptors
  • Mitochondria
  • ATP
  • Cellular Respiration
  • Endosymbiotic Theory
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Cisternae
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  • Ribosomes
  • RNA
  • Protein Synthesis
  • Translation
  • Polypeptides

Infectious Disease Principles and Terms

Infectious Disease Principles and Important Terms

Important terms regarding infectious disease principles including host-pathogen interaction, virulence, and the chain of infection.

Understanding Inheritance Patterns and Genetic Disorders

Inheritance Patterns and Genetic Terminology

Important terms and terminology regarding inheritance patterns, pedigrees, and genetic disorders.

X-linked Recessive Disorders Terminology

Terminology regarding X-linked recessive disorders including Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, G6PD Deficiency, and Red-Green Color Blindness.

Understanding Inflammation and Immune Responses

Understanding Inflammation and Immune Responses

Inflammation is a protective response to tissue injury, infection, or harmful stimuli that aims to eliminate harmful agents, remove damaged tissue, initiate healing, and restore homeostasis.

Cellular Biology, Immunity, and Pathogens

Cell Biology and Immune Response Review

Review of cell structure, mitosis, meiosis, and the innate and adaptive immune responses.

  • Cell Structure
  • Organelles
  • Homeostasis
  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
  • Somatic Cells
  • Gametes
  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Genetic Variation
  • Innate Immune Response
  • Adaptive Immune Response
  • Immunological Memory
  • Pathogens

Microbiology and Bacterial Immune Evasion

This content examines bacterial characteristics, endotoxins, exotoxins, and various bacterial evasion strategies against innate immunity.

  • Bacteria
  • Gram-positive Bacteria
  • Gram-negative Bacteria
  • Exotoxins
  • Endotoxins
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • E. coli
  • Biofilms
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Capsules
  • Phagocytosis

Viral, Fungal, and Prion Pathogenesis

Information regarding how viruses, fungal infections, and prions replicate, infect host cells, and cause disease.

  • Viruses
  • Replication
  • Host Cell
  • Retroviruses
  • HIV
  • Reverse Transcriptase
  • CD4+ T Helper Cells
  • Prions
  • Misfolded Proteins
  • Neurodegeneration

Introduction to Genetic Testing and Screening

Introduction to Genetic Screening and Testing

This lesson covers differentiating screening from diagnostic genetic testing, identifying common screening tests, assessing family history, and interpreting genetic test results.

Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disorders

Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Hypertension

Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disorders

This content explores the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, including the roles of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and neurohormonal activation.

Peripheral Vascular Disease and Polycythemia

This content covers the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, chronic venous insufficiency, and polycythemia.

Pathophysiology of Polycythemia and Anemias

This content explores the underlying pathophysiology, symptoms, and compensatory mechanisms of various types of polycythemia and anemias.

Inflammation, Complement, and Immunoglobulin Responses

Inflammation and Complement System Mechanisms

The primary response to infection and inflammation involves vascular changes, cellular response, and chemical mediators, alongside the three major pathways of the complement system and opsonization.

  • Complement System
  • Classical Pathway
  • Lectin Pathway
  • Alternative Pathway
  • Opsonization
  • Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
  • Lysis
  • Antibodies
  • Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL)

Immunology Review of Complement and Immunoglobulins

Review of the roles of the complement system, structures and functions of immunoglobulins, and types of hypersensitivity reactions.

Congenital, Acquired, and Age-Related Heart Diseases

Congenital, Acquired, and Age-Related Heart Diseases

This content discusses congenital and acquired heart diseases, cardiovascular changes in older adults, and the relationship between inflammaging and cardiac disease.

Genetics, Gene Editing, and Epigenetics

Genetics, CRISPR, and Epigenetics Review

This review covers autosomal inheritance patterns, PKU metabolic disorders, CRISPR gene-editing mechanisms, epigenetic regulation, and chromosomal abnormalities related to parental age.

  • Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
  • Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • CRISPR Gene Editing
  • Epigenetics
  • DNA Methylation
  • Histone Modification
  • Nondisjunction
  • Aneuploidy
  • Point Mutations
  • Germline Editing
  • Off-target Mutations

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