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A small centric ring X chromosome that lacks the X inactivation center is observed in a patient with short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, and intellectual disability. Because intellectual disability is not a typical feature of Turner syndrome, explain the presence of mental retardation with or without other associated physical anomalies in individuals with a 46,X,r(X) karyotype. In a prenatal diagnosis involving a different family, a somewhat larger ring that contains the X inactivation center is detected. What phenotype would you predict for the fetus in this pregnancy?
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