Neurology Questions

genetics, family history, hormonal changes, inflammatory changes in the brain, head injury, depression

oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of nerve growth factor or lewy body formation leads to producing the classic triad of CM

autoantibodies adhere to Ach receptor sites leading to increased muscle weakness

Tau proteins in neurons detach; amyloid beta proteins form -- both lead to brain atrophy

first: muscle weakness in eyes, face, nose, throat, back, and mouth; drooling, difficulty chewing and swallowing, respiratory weakness, impaired ventilation

most common initial: paresthesia of face, trunk, and limbs; weakness, impaired gait, urinary incontinence, blurred vision, difficulty speaking

auto-reactive B and T cells cross blood brain barrier leads to death of neurons and brain atrophy

unknown but more common in women 20-40 years old, risk factors: smoking, vitamin d deficiency, epstein barr virus

hypertension (most common), aneurysms, head trauma, vascular malformations, anticoagulation use, illicit drug use

forgetfulness, emotional upset, disorientation, lack of concentration, confusion, decline in abstraction problem solving, and judgement

difficulty speaking, difficulty understanding, difficulty with muscle strength, severe headache, trouble with seeing, trouble with walking

thymic tumors, pathologic changes in thymus, autoimmune disease

thrombotic: dehydration, hypotension, malignant hypertension, atherosclerosis; embolic: thrombus

metabolic disorder, congenital malformations, genetic, myoclonic syndromes, infection, brain tumor, vascular disease, prenatal injuries, substance abuse

classic's triad: bradykinesia or ankesia, tremors (pill rolling rigidity), stooped posture, dysphagia

abrupt imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory impulses leads to increased Ca2+ (glutamate) and decreased Cl- (gaba)

primary: idiopathic and familial, male age 40+, secondary: head trauma and infection, atherosclerosis, drug intoxication

motor neurons going to more proximal muscles are located where in the spinal cord? to more distal?

types of involuntary muscle contractions that can occur in intact nervous system

motor neurons going to flexor muscles are located where in the spinal cord? to extensors?