Cognitive Psychology Questions

any theory hypothesizing that information can move through and be retained in any of several memory storage systems, usually of a short-term and a long-term variety. The first to propose a multistore model were U.S. cognitive psychologists Richard C. Atkinson and Richard M. Shiffrin (1942- ) in 1968 (see information-processing model), with other researchers subsequently proposing their own such models as well. Also called storage-and-transfer model of memory.

Carrere & Gottman (1999) studied the impact of intuitive response in relationships. They measured the extent to which intuitive response as a form of communication between newly wed couples hampered relationships. The aim of the study was the effect of communication styles on long term success of relationships, and how intutitive emotional and verbal responses effect the stability of relationships.aim: how psychologists CAN PREDICT LONG TERM SUCCESSSample: 124 NEWYLYWED COUPLESProcedure: each couple completed a survey, (each husband and wife completed the survey separately) and then discussed the results with a researcher in order to identify one or two problematic issues in their relationship; used the SPAFF system to measure their issuesa longitudinal study; couples were checked once a year for six yearsResults: researchers were able to use THIN SLICING to correctly predict the success of the marriage, based on a really brief observation of the couples-also through their heart rate, skin temperature, etc. ((THIN SLICING))Intuitive thinking behind thin slicing:The way couples begin a discussion about a problem - how you present an issue and how your partner responds to you is absolutely critical

mental shortcuts; when you're familiar with something, you will develop fewer errors and will make a decision in that moment that is likely to be correct

a complex reaction pattern, involving experiential, behavioral, and physiological elements, by which an individual attempts to deal with a personally significant matter or event. The specific quality of the emotion (e.g., fear, shame) is determined by the specific significance of the event. For example, if the significance involves threat, fear is likely to be generated; if the significance involves disapproval from another, shame is likely to be generated. Emotion typically involves feeling but differs from feeling in having an overt or implicit engagement with the world.

The Schema theory is a cognitive heuristic//mental script and outlines how one's pre-existing knowledge influences how they remember new information. There are different components to this process as well:-ASSMILIATION describes how someone interprets new ideas/experiences to fit into their existing schemas-ACCOMMODATION: when someone changes existing schemes to fit new ideas or experiences.-SHARPENING AND RATIONALIZING a story: add details/filling the gaps of a story that weren't there in the first place based on your schemaLEVELING: story gets shorterBartlett (1932):aim: to investigate how the memory of a story is affected by previous knowledgeSample: british participantsprocedure: Bartlett told British participants a Native American legend called The War of the Ghosts.two conditions: SERIAL PRODUCTION (participants heard the story and were told to reproduce it after a short time and then to do so again repeatedly over a period of days, weeks, months or years) REPEATED PRODUCTION (they had to recall the story and repeat it to another person)results: Bartlett found that there was no significant difference between the way that the groups recalled the story.STRENGTHS::in BARTLETT: addresses how schema can DISTORT THE ACCURACY OF MEMORY , which is shown throughLASSIMILATION, LEVELING, AND SHARPENING-ASSIMILATION: participants unconsciously changed details of the story in order to fit it to the expectations of their British culture, thus demonstrating schema in this memory process. --e.g. a canoe became a boat-LEVELING AND SHARPENING: participants SHORTENED THE STORY BY DISREGARDING details that they didn't render as important to the story, or changed the order of the story in order FOR IT TO MAKE SENSE TO THEM, using terms that were FAMILIAR TO THEM AND THEIR CULTURE-->memories ARE MORE OF A RECONSTRUCTION of experiences based on one's schema((Analysis))-Bartlett suggested that people reconstruct the past by fitting into their existing schemas; MEMORIES ARE NOT THE COPIES OF THE EXPERIENCES BUT RATHER RECONSTRUCTIONS OF EXPERIENCES -Helped explain (through the understanding of schemas) that when people remember stories, they usually OMIT DETAILS and INTRODUCE DISTORTIONS -Shows how schema theory is useful for understanding how people CATEGORIZE INFORMATION, INTERPRET STORIES, AND MAKE INFERENCES

System 1: automatic intuitive, and EFFORTLESS way of thinking (implicit)-one that is really in charge; we let it run automatically-often employs heuristics, (such as anchoring/framing bias) which influences our decision making as wellSystem 2: SLOWER, conscious, and RATIONAL way of thinking (explicit)--requires more effort in decision making

Englich and Mussweiller:Anchoring bias and its effect of a judge's recommendations on male law students' decision-making regarding the sentencing of a criminal:Sample: law students, two groupsprocedure:--experience didn't have any influence on the law students decision, but the prosecutorsSample: 24 law studentsprocedure:-the researcher presented one group with a rape case-After reading through/forming an opinion about the case, the students were then given a questionnaire to determine an appropriate sentence to fit the crime-One group of students was given a prosecutor's recommendation for a 34-month sentence (high anchor condition) (wanted to give the prosecuters 28 months)-Other group: 2 months (low anchor condition) law students wanted to give 17 monthsRESULTS: there was an eight-month difference in the average sentence between the two groups.WHY it gives rise to anchoring bias in decision making:The study showed that when given the suggestion of 34 months, the students recommended on average a longer sentence. Since they would not have an absolute sense of how many months to punish the offender, they used the "anchor" that they were given to make their decision. This is an example of how a cognitive bias may affect one's behaviour.-as the participants based their personal opinions on the first piece of information given (without challenging their own perceptions), they used the more automatic, intuitive, and unreliable system 1 to process the information given, supporting the fact that they relied too heavily on the information they were provided with, then formed an opinion based on previous account. without weighing the justice of the claims - even the experienced judges unconsciously employed anchoring bias to the same extent as the law students, this suggests that anchoring bias manifests itself in all aspects of life. --as this case concerned the reprehensible act of rape, the participants may have been EMOTIONALLY affected by the type of crime, (unconsciously) allowing personal opinions, experiences, or relations to the issue affect their decisions--the study evokes cultural bias as the experiment was carried out in a WEIRD country (Germany), thereby limiting the findings to the European legal system and the societal context of the natio--Critical thinking: applicationsthe findings can be applied to the improvement of the legal system, hopefully enabling different judges to minimize the drastic difference in sentencing similar crimelimitations:-not GENERALIZABLE; study only had a sample of one gender and only used law students-The construct validity is also an issue because ANCHORING BIAS CANNOT BE FULLY MEASURED-has high ecological validity

what can be inferred from a carbon dioxide evolved in the addition of dilute acid

what can be inferred when sulfur dioxide is evolved and a pale yellow precipitate is formed

what can be inferred from hydrogen evolved on the addition of dilute acid

oskar was asked to memorize a list of words for a psychology experiment. he was then asked to repeat them. he found he could repeat the last three words. this illustrates the _________ effect

_________ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage - that is, when we recall or remember something

What can retailers do to provide a seamless customer experience ?

In the short therm we remember (touch, hear, see, taste, smell)

a(n) ________ is a preexisting mental framework that helps people to organize and interpret information

remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning is an example of a. semantic memoryb. procedural memoryc. episodic memory

select all that apply. which of the following statements about how memory is best understood are correct?a. memory connections are best understood as active processesb. memory is a series of connections in the brainc. there is no one memory center in the braind. memory exists in a specific location in the brain

memory is best understood as a series of connections in the brain (T/F)

select all that apply. which of the following are fundamental components of memory?a. processingb. reminiscencec. retrievald. storagee. encoding

memory research that suggests that assemblies of cells distributed over large areas of the cerebral cortex work together to represent information is consistent witha. connectionismb. schema theory c. the Atkinson-Shiffrin theoryd. retroactive interference