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Q. Some studies find that recall of acoustically similar words from the short-term store is worse than recall if semantically similar words from the short-term store. What does this finding indicate?

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FLASHBULB MEMORY THEORY on memory processes:Brown & Kulik (1977)intro: strong, emotional experiences lead to memories that are vivid, accurate;two key components: 1. "special mechanism" hypothesis: participants must be surprised in order for the mechanism of neural memory to register a permanent record of the event.2. events need to have personal meaning for the participantsANALYSIS: Adrenaline plays an important role in creating "emotional" memories, as it activates the amygdala in the limbic system. sending a message to the brain that something dangerous and/or dangerous is happening.aim: to test the validity of FBM on memory processes, as they postulated that the mind can remember an importance-driven event as vivid as a photographSample: 80 Americans, half of which were white, the other half African AmericansProcedure: asked them through a questionnaire to recall descriptive memories from the ASSASINATION of both PRESIDENT JOHN F KENNEDY and MARTIN LUTHER KING: involved where the participants were, what they were doing, and how they found out about this assasination-75% of the African American participants demonstrated a higher emotional response to the assasination of Martin Luther King Jr., who fought for racial inequality.-EMOTIONALwas processed through both a personal and cultural relevance of the event to the participants, THUS CREATING A FLASHBULB MEMORYResults: -Responses involved significant details of the event especially in regards to the assasination of President John F. Kennedy. --EMOTION MAY HAVE AN AFFECT ON THE ACCURACY OF ONES MEMORY LIMITATION: did not undergo an fMRI scan to measure this activity, therefore their recollection may not be fully accurate highly emotional event;doesn't show cause and effect; participants could also be lying about how much they remember of the evente

________ emotions are the emotions an individual actually is experiencing, despite what they might outwardly show.A) Felt B) Displayed C) Conditional D) Exposed E) Suppressed

Loftus and Palmer:In Loftus and Palmer's study, the aim was to determine if leading questions would affect the participant's estimation of speed. In this study, participant's watched films of car accidents and were then provided with a questionnaire regarding details on what they had seen. In five different conditions, though, the participants were asked the same leading question of, "how fast was the car going when it hit the other car?" but with rephrased verbs such as "smashed" "collided" "bumped" "hit" and "contacted". However, the researchers did not tell the participants what they were testing exactly.Why it is reconstructive memory: "The results indicate that the critical word in the question consistently affected the participants' answers to the question. The researchers argued that it may be that the different speed estimates are the result of response-bias, i.e. the participants are uncertain about the exact speed, and therefore a verb like "smashed" biases their response towards a higher estimate. It may also be that the way the question is formed results in a change in the participant's mental representation of the accident, i.e. the verb "smashed" activates a cognitive schema of a severe accident that may change the participant's memory of the accident. This distortion of memory is based on reconstruction so that it is not the actual details of the accident that are remembered but rather what is in line with a cognitive schema of a severe accident. This interpretation is in line with Bartlett's suggestion of reconstructive memory due to schema processing."In conclusion, it seems that participants' memory of an accident could be changed by using suggestive questions.

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