Chemistry Questions

1. Glycine2. Alanine3. Valine4. Leucine5. Isoleucine6. Methionine7. Proline8. Phenylalanine9. Tryptophan

-Hydrophobic interactions-Hydrophilic interactions-Salt bridges-Hydrogen bonds-Disulfide bonds (covalent bonds)

All particles are in constant, random motion. All collisions between particles are perfectly elastic. The volume of the particles in a gas is negligible. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is its Kelvin temperature.

Alkane combustion products (reacted with oxygen)

The chemical formula of aluminium oxide ( aluminia )

neurotransmitter (or any other small molecule) can only bind to a limited region of the receptor. We term this the __________

What is the only neurotransmitter that is an amine but not a monoamine ?

What are the three types of G protein ?

hydroxyl groups of the 20 amino acids that I have to care about

What is the role of retrograde messengers in heterosynaptic plasticity?a) They enhance presynaptic neurotransmitter release through direct contact.b) They are diffusible second messengers that signal back to nerve terminals to modulate neurotransmitter release.c) They prevent neurotransmitter release by blocking calcium channels.d) They act exclusively on postsynaptic receptors to modulate response.

Which component of the VGCC is primarily responsible for forming the conduction pore and determining ion conductance?a) The beta subunitb) The alpha1 subunitc) The gamma subunitd) The delta subunit

Which protein kinase is activated by calcium-bound calmodulin and plays a role in regulating VGCCs?a) Protein kinase A (PKA)b) Protein kinase C (PKC)c) CaMKIId) Akt

What feature distinguishes high voltage-activated (HVA) calcium channels from low voltage-activated (LVA) channels?a) HVA channels require less depolarization to activate compared to LVA channels.b) HVA channels are more transient in their activation compared to LVA channels.c) HVA channels require stronger depolarization to activate and have distinct subtypes like L, N, P/Q, and R types.d) HVA channels are exclusively found in non-neuronal cells.

How do fast-acting and potent toxins affect VGCCs?a) They enhance the activity of VGCCs to increase neurotransmitter release.b) They inhibit VGCCs, thereby disarming vesicular transmitter release to immobilize prey quickly.c) They have no significant effect on VGCCs.d) They bind to VGCCs and convert them into sodium channels.

Why are Ca2+ microdomains crucial for transmitter release in neurons?a) They allow uniform distribution of calcium across the cell.b) They ensure localized calcium entry, increasing the fidelity of neuronal Ca2+ exocytosis coupling.c) They prevent any calcium influx into the cell.d) They ensure that calcium levels remain constant across different regions of the cell.

What is the primary difference between facilitation and potentiation in homosynaptic plasticity?a) Facilitation involves a long-lasting increase in neurotransmitter release, while potentiation involves a short-lasting increase.b) Facilitation occurs due to residual calcium at release sites during a train of action potentials, while potentiation involves mitochondrial calcium buffering and release after tetanic stimulation.c) Facilitation leads to a decrease in neurotransmitter release, while potentiation leads to an increase.d) Facilitation is due to higher levels of calcium being stored within the nerve terminal, while potentiation is due to residual calcium.

How do endocannabinoids modulate neurotransmitter release at synapses?a) They enhance the release of neurotransmitters by activating CB1 receptors on postsynaptic neurons.b) They depress neurotransmitter release by acting on CB1 cannabinoid receptors on presynaptic neurons.c) They block neurotransmitter release by inhibiting calcium channels.d) They facilitate neurotransmitter release by increasing intracellular calcium levels.

What is the primary mechanism by which calcium imaging with Fura-2 works?a) It chelates calcium and changes color based on calcium concentration.b) It binds calcium and fluoresces when exposed to UV light, with fluorescence dependent on whether calcium is bound or free.c) It directly binds to calcium channels and emits light.d) It reacts with calcium to produce a chemiluminescent signal.

Graham's Law (molecular velocity vs. molecular mass) when T is same

1. Electrostatic precipitators, and scrubbers in smokestacks, are used primarily to remove which air pollutant?A