Botany Questions
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spore-producing structures in some modern nonvascular plants
Over the course of land plant evolution, the _ phase became more prominent. _ also became more common.
all the organisms in a particular area, along with physical components of the environment such as the atmosphere, precipitation, sunlight, soil, nutrients.
enhancing the life-supporting attributes of the atmosphere, surface water, soil, and other physical components of an ecosystem
fossil record reveals land plants evolved about 475 million years ago and then diversified into plant lineages with _ systems, seeds, and flowers.
_ include mosses and liverworts that are small and have a gametophyte-dominant lifestyle
watertight barrier that coats the above ground parts of today's land plants to help resist drying
a single common ancestor gave rise to all the green algae and plants
a waxy substance that encases spores and pollen of modern land plants to help them resist drying
rely on spores for dispersal, but have vascular tissue
the nonvascular plants include some but not all decedents of a single common ancestor
Seed plants include angiosperms and _ that dominate the world's floras. Animals are often used to disperse seeds and, in _, transport pollen in-between flowers
Green algae are hypothesized to be the closest _ relatives to land plants.
- include club mosses and ferns, which have small, free-living gametophytes and large, longer-lived sporophytes. Dispersal is carried out using spores.
_ are dispersed from the parent plant to a new location, encased in a protective housing, and supplied with a store of nutrients.
All land plants are _, meaning the eggs and embryos are retained on the parent plant. Consequently, the developing embryo can be nourished by the mother plant
_ are water-conducting cells found in all vascular plants; in addition, angiosperms, gnetotypes, and a few species of seedless vascular plants have water-conducting cells called _.
What group of organisms was likely ancestral to land plants? See Section 28.2 ( page 565) .
Recent DNA sequence analyses suggest that land plants evolved from freshwater green algae from the _ algae family.
_ include single-celled and multi-cellular marine and freshwater species.