English

Literary devices Literary Devices and Definitions Allegory – A narrative in which characters, events, or settings represent abstract ideas, conveying a deeper moral, political, or spiritual meaning. Ambiguity – The presence of two or more possible meanings in a single passage; intentional or unintentional vagueness. Ambivalence – The simultaneous existence of conflicting feelings or thoughts about a person, object, or idea. Apostrophe – A figure of speech in which the speaker addresses an absent person, abstract idea, or inanimate object. Defamiliarization – Presenting familiar things in an unfamiliar or strange way to make the audience see them differently. Anadiplosis – The repetition of the last word of a clause at the beginning of the next clause. (e.g., "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate.") Epizeuxis – Repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession for emphasis. (e.g., "Alone, alone, all all alone.") Diacope – Repetition of a word or phrase with one or two intervening words. (e.g., "The horror! Oh, the horror!") Tricolon – A series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses. (e.g., "Veni, vidi, vici.") Pathetic Fallacy – Attributing human emotions to nature or inanimate objects. (e.g., "The angry storm.") Aporia – An expression of doubt or uncertainty, often used rhetorically. Cacophony – Harsh, discordant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose. Litotes – A form of understatement that uses negation to express a positive. (e.g., "Not bad" to mean "good") Syllepsis – A figure of speech in which a word is applied to two others in different senses. (e.g., "He caught the train and a cold.") Pun – A humorous play on words that exploits multiple meanings or similar sounds. Aphorism – A concise, witty statement of a general truth. (e.g., "If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.") Eponym – A person whose name is the source of the name of something. (e.g., "Sandwich" from the Earl of Sandwich) Metaphor – A direct comparison between two unrelated things. (e.g., "Time is a thief.") Simile – A comparison using "like" or "as." (e.g., "Brave as a lion.") Hyperbole – Exaggeration for effect. (e.g., "I’ve told you a million times.") Onomatopoeia – A word that imitates a sound. (e.g., "Buzz," "Splash") Alliteration – The repetition of initial consonant sounds. (e.g., "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.") Consonance – Repetition of consonant sounds, typically at the end of words. (e.g., "Blank and think") Assonance – Repetition of vowel sounds. (e.g., "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.") Sibilance – A specific type of alliteration using "s" or "sh" sounds. Anaphora – Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. (e.g., "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds...") Allusion – A reference to another work, event, figure, or idea. Foreshadowing – A hint or indication of a future event in a narrative. Chiasmus – A rhetorical device in which concepts are repeated in reverse order. (e.g., "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.") Metonymy – Substituting a related term for the object itself. (e.g., "The pen is mightier than the sword.") Synecdoche – A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole. (e.g., "All hands on deck.") Meiosis – An intentional understatement that implies something is lesser than it is. Euphemism – A polite or mild word substituted for a harsher one. (e.g., "Passed away" instead of "died") Personification – Giving human characteristics to non-human entities. Anthropomorphism – Making non-human things actually behave like humans (common in fables). Zoomorphism – Attributing animal characteristics to humans or inanimate objects. Parallelism – The use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or similar. Juxtaposition – Placing two elements side by side to present a contrast or comparison. Enjambment – In poetry, the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line. Irony – A contrast between expectations and reality. Asyndeton – The omission of conjunctions for effect. (e.g., "I came, I saw, I conquered.") Ethos – A rhetorical appeal to credibility or character. Logos – An appeal to logic or reason. Pathos – An appeal to emotion. The great grammatizator THEMES: Greed Loss of passion Prediction of future automation Commercialization versus passion GENRE: Irony PARABLE : stories with moral and message in it How great takes away your passion Post humanist : when humans are taken over by machines or something else Language/Stylistic Categories and Definitions Syntax – The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences. Denotation – The literal or dictionary meaning of a word. Connotation – The implied or emotional meaning associated with a word. Lexical Clusters – Groups of words related by meaning or usage. Semantic Fields – Words grouped by related meaning within a particular subject area. Diction – The author’s word choice; it can influence tone and style. Types include: Humorous Diction – Words chosen to create amusement. Concrete Diction – Specific, tangible descriptions. Affirmative Diction – Positive or confident language. Pedantic Diction – Overly scholarly or academic language. Colloquial Diction – Informal, everyday speech. Slang Diction – Very informal language often associated with particular groups. Poetic Diction – Elevated or lyrical language. Imagery – Descriptive language that appeals to the senses: Tactile – Touch Gustatory – Taste Oral/Aural – Sound (Note: Aural is preferred for sound) Visual – Sight Olfactory – Smell Modality – The degree of certainty or possibility expressed in language: High Modality – Expresses certainty or strong obligation (e.g., "must," "will") Low Modality – Expresses possibility or suggestion (e.g., "might," "could") Poetry Free Verse Definition: Poetry that does not follow a consistent meter or rhyme scheme. It mimics natural speech patterns and allows poets flexibility in expression. Example: Most modern poetry, such as the works of Walt Whitman and contemporary poets. Blank Verse Definition: Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Each line typically has 10 syllables with a pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Example: Much of Shakespeare's plays and Milton’s Paradise Lost. Little Red Cap THEMES : Power and Authority Setting Character who do not conform to norm Death Interpretation Literary devices Literary Devices and Definitions Allegory – A narrative in which characters, events, or settings represent abstract ideas, conveying a deeper moral, political, or spiritual meaning. Ambiguity – The presence of two or more possible meanings in a single passage; intentional or unintentional vagueness. Ambivalence – The simultaneous existence of conflicting feelings or thoughts about a person, object, or idea. Apostrophe – A figure of speech in which the speaker addresses an absent person, abstract idea, or inanimate object. Defamiliarization – Presenting familiar things in an unfamiliar or strange way to make the audience see them differently. Anadiplosis – The repetition of the last word of a clause at the beginning of the next clause. (e.g., "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate.") Epizeuxis – Repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession for emphasis. (e.g., "Alone, alone, all all alone.") Diacope – Repetition of a word or phrase with one or two intervening words. (e.g., "The horror! Oh, the horror!") Tricolon – A series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses. (e.g., "Veni, vidi, vici.") Pathetic Fallacy – Attributing human emotions to nature or inanimate objects. (e.g., "The angry storm.") Aporia – An expression of doubt or uncertainty, often used rhetorically. Cacophony – Harsh, discordant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose. Litotes – A form of understatement that uses negation to express a positive. (e.g., "Not bad" to mean "good") Syllepsis – A figure of speech in which a word is applied to two others in different senses. (e.g., "He caught the train and a cold.") Pun – A humorous play on words that exploits multiple meanings or similar sounds. Aphorism – A concise, witty statement of a general truth. (e.g., "If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.") Eponym – A person whose name is the source of the name of something. (e.g., "Sandwich" from the Earl of Sandwich) Metaphor – A direct comparison between two unrelated things. (e.g., "Time is a thief.") Simile – A comparison using "like" or "as." (e.g., "Brave as a lion.") Hyperbole – Exaggeration for effect. (e.g., "I’ve told you a million times.") Onomatopoeia – A word that imitates a sound. (e.g., "Buzz," "Splash") Alliteration – The repetition of initial consonant sounds. (e.g., "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.") Consonance – Repetition of consonant sounds, typically at the end of words. (e.g., "Blank and think") Assonance – Repetition of vowel sounds. (e.g., "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.") Sibilance – A specific type of alliteration using "s" or "sh" sounds. Anaphora – Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. (e.g., "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds...") Allusion – A reference to another work, event, figure, or idea. Foreshadowing – A hint or indication of a future event in a narrative. Chiasmus – A rhetorical device in which concepts are repeated in reverse order. (e.g., "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.") Metonymy – Substituting a related term for the object itself. (e.g., "The pen is mightier than the sword.") Synecdoche – A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole. (e.g., "All hands on deck.") Meiosis – An intentional understatement that implies something is lesser than it is. Euphemism – A polite or mild word substituted for a harsher one. (e.g., "Passed away" instead of "died") Personification – Giving human characteristics to non-human entities. Anthropomorphism – Making non-human things actually behave like humans (common in fables). Zoomorphism – Attributing animal characteristics to humans or inanimate objects. Parallelism – The use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or similar. Juxtaposition – Placing two elements side by side to present a contrast or comparison. Enjambment – In poetry, the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line. Irony – A contrast between expectations and reality. Asyndeton – The omission of conjunctions for effect. (e.g., "I came, I saw, I conquered.") Ethos – A rhetorical appeal to credibility or character. Logos – An appeal to logic or reason. Pathos – An appeal to emotion. The great grammatizator THEMES: Greed Loss of passion Prediction of future automation Commercialization versus passion GENRE: Irony PARABLE : stories with moral and message in it How great takes away your passion Post humanist : when humans are taken over by machines or something else Language/Stylistic Categories and Definitions Syntax – The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences. Denotation – The literal or dictionary meaning of a word. Connotation – The implied or emotional meaning associated with a word. Lexical Clusters – Groups of words related by meaning or usage. Semantic Fields – Words grouped by related meaning within a particular subject area. Diction – The author’s word choice; it can influence tone and style. Types include: Humorous Diction – Words chosen to create amusement. Concrete Diction – Specific, tangible descriptions. Affirmative Diction – Positive or confident language. Pedantic Diction – Overly scholarly or academic language. Colloquial Diction – Informal, everyday speech. Slang Diction – Very informal language often associated with particular groups. Poetic Diction – Elevated or lyrical language. Imagery – Descriptive language that appeals to the senses: Tactile – Touch Gustatory – Taste Oral/Aural – Sound (Note: Aural is preferred for sound) Visual – Sight Olfactory – Smell Modality – The degree of certainty or possibility expressed in language: High Modality – Expresses certainty or strong obligation (e.g., "must," "will") Low Modality – Expresses possibility or suggestion (e.g., "might," "could") Poetry Free Verse Definition: Poetry that does not follow a consistent meter or rhyme scheme. It mimics natural speech patterns and allows poets flexibility in expression. Example: Most modern poetry, such as the works of Walt Whitman and contemporary poets. Blank Verse Definition: Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Each line typically has 10 syllables with a pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Example: Much of Shakespeare's plays and Milton’s Paradise Lost. Little Red Cap THEMES : Power and Authority Setting Character who do not conform to norm Death Interpretation