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Upper Extremity Anatomy and Biomechanics Study Guide

Learn about the fundamental components of the human skeletal system. This guide covers the vertebral column, skull, and pectoral girdle, explaining their structures and roles in supporting the body and facilitating movement. Ideal for students and anyone interested in basic human anatomy.

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Anatomy and Functional Mobility of Extremities

Scapula, Wrist, and Hand Anatomy

Instructions for identifying scapula motions, rotator cuff muscles, wrist and hand bones, and carpal tunnel structures.

  • Scapula motions
  • Prime Mover Muscles
  • Elevation
  • Depression
  • Adduction
  • Protraction
  • Retraction
  • Force Couples
  • Upward Rotation
  • Downward Rotation
  • Scapular tilt
  • Scapular winging
  • Scapulohumeral Rhythm
  • Rotator Cuff muscles
  • Wrist and hand bones
  • Saddle joint
  • Carpal bones
  • Arches of the hand

Finger Ligaments and Deformities

This document discusses finger ligaments, pullies, extensor hood, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, boutonniere deformity, swan-neck deformity, and trigger finger.

  • Finger Ligaments and Pulleys
  • Extensor Hood
  • Cruciate Ligaments
  • Flexor Digitorum Profundus
  • Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
  • Boutonniere deformity
  • Swan-neck deformity
  • Trigger finger

Motions and Prime Movers of Upper Extremity

Instructions to fill out different motions with their prime movers of the upper extremity.

  • Scapular Elevation
  • Upper Trapezius
  • Levator Scapula
  • Finger MP Flexion
  • Finger PIP Flexion
  • Finger DIP Flexion
  • Finger IP Extension
  • Finger Abduction
  • Finger Adduction
  • Thumb MP Flexion
  • Thumb IP Flexion
  • Thumb IP Extension
  • Thumb Abduction
  • Thumb Adduction
  • Thumb Opposition

Nervous System Anatomy and Function

Worksheets covering bones and processes of the skull, cranial nerves, spinal nerve root levels, and the brachial plexus.

  • Bones and processes of the skull
  • Cranial nerves
  • Olfactory bulb and tract
  • Optic Nerve and Chiasma
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Trigeminal
  • Facial
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Accessory
  • Hypoglossal
  • Pons
  • Cerebrum
  • Medulla
  • Spinal nerve root levels
  • Sensory testing

Upper Extremity Anatomy and Musculoskeletal Function

Anatomy of Fascia and Muscle

An anatomical overview of the four main layers of fascia and muscle contraction involving slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers.

  • Superficial fascia
  • Deep fascia
  • Visceral fascia
  • Parietal fascia
  • Aponeurotic fascia
  • Epimysial fascia
  • Antebrachial fascia
  • Interosseous membrane
  • Extensor retinaculum
  • Flexor retinaculum
  • Transverse carpal ligament
  • Palmar aponeuroses
  • Slow-twitch fibers
  • Fast-twitch fibers

Elbow, Wrist, and Hand Function

The elbow and wrist contribute essential purposeful movement of the upper extremity to occupational performance through complex combinations of motions and innervations.

  • Wrist radial and ulnar deviation
  • Wrist extension
  • Wrist flexion
  • Extension of 2nd through 5th fingers
  • MCP joint flexion
  • Thumb CMC flexion and extension
  • Thumb opposition
  • Thumb CMC adduction
  • Thumb MCP/IP flexion and extension
  • Functional forearm rotation
  • Scapular depression transfer
  • Cubital tunnel syndrome
  • Medial collateral Ligament injury
  • Sensorimotor function of the hands
  • Radial aspect fine motor control
  • Ulnar aspect forceful grasp

Human Skeletal Anatomy and Bone Structures

This document illustrates human skeletal anatomy including vertebrae, skull, clavicle, sternum, and scapula.

  • Cervical vertebrae
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Transverse process
  • Sternum
  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Infraglenoid tubercle
  • Articular facet
  • Zygomatic arch
  • Mandible
  • Cranial sutures
  • Cranium
  • Parietal bone
  • Occipital bone
  • Temporal bone
  • Sternoclavicular joint

Upper Extremity Joints and Arthrokinematics

An anatomical study of the joints of the elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand including structural and functional classifications.

  • 1st carpometacarpal joint
  • Humeroulnar joint
  • Humeroradial joint
  • Proximal radioulnar joint
  • Wrist joint
  • Structural classification
  • Functional classification
  • Joint movements
  • Thumb opposition
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Adduction
  • Rotation
  • Supination
  • Pronation
  • Radial deviation
  • Ulnar deviation

Upper Extremity Wrist and Hand Anatomy

This content covers the anatomy of the wrist and hand, including carpal ligaments, the carpal tunnel, and the anatomical snuffbox.

  • Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)
  • Carpal tunnel
  • Median nerve
  • Flexor pollicis longus
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Transverse carpal ligament
  • Flexor retinaculum
  • Anatomical snuffbox
  • Scaphoid bone
  • Radial artery
  • Arthrokinematics of the hand
  • Metacarpophalangeal joints
  • Interphalangeal joints

Upper Extremity Nerve Innervation and Anatomy

This document details spinal segments, muscles innervated, sensory distribution, and clinical presentation for nerves of the upper extremity.

  • Musculocutaneous nerve
  • Radial nerve
  • Ulnar nerve
  • Spinal segments
  • Muscle innervation
  • Sensory distribution
  • Clinical presentation
  • Wrist drop
  • Median nerve palsy
  • Wrist extension

Anatomy, Motions, and Functional Mobility

Nervous System and Upper Extremity Anatomy

An anatomical overview of cranial nerves, spinal nerve root levels, dermatomes, and the brachial plexus.

  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerve root levels
  • Sensory and motor testing
  • Reflex testing
  • Dermatomes
  • CNS innervation
  • PNS innervation

Brachial Plexus and Upper Extremity Nerve Palsy

This document covers the anatomy of the brachial plexus and various conditions from upper extremity nerve palsy including Erb's palsy, Klumpke's palsy, and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

  • Brachial plexus anatomy
  • Terminal branches
  • Klumpke's palsy
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
  • Radial nerve palsy
  • Median nerve palsy
  • Occupational performance impact

Upper Extremity Anatomy and Motions

This document details the prime mover muscles, motions, and anatomical structures of the scapula, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand.

  • Scapula motions
  • Prime mover muscles
  • Force couples
  • Scapulohumeral rhythm
  • Rotator cuff muscles
  • Wrist and hand bones
  • Carpal tunnel structures
  • Finger ligaments and pulleys
  • Extensor hood
  • Boutonniere deformity
  • Swan-neck deformity
  • Trigger finger
  • Stenosing tenosynovitis
  • Upper extremity motions

Common Anatomical Terms and Lower Extremity Motions

Common anatomical terms, abbreviations, and motions and prime movers of the lower extremity.

  • Anatomical directions
  • Closed Chain movements
  • Open Chain movements
  • Prime mover
  • Force couple
  • Isometric Contraction
  • Isotonic Contraction
  • Eccentric Contraction
  • Passive insufficiency
  • Active insufficiency
  • Central nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Base of support
  • Center of gravity
  • Lumbrical grip
  • Hip flexion
  • Hip extension
  • Hip abduction
  • Hip adduction

Bed Mobility and Functional Gait Analysis

Information regarding bed mobility positions, precautions for specific diagnoses, and the expected gait cycle including muscle involvement and gait deviations.

  • Bed mobility positions
  • Total hip replacement precautions
  • Total knee replacement
  • Amputee positioning
  • CVA hemiplegia
  • Spinal surgery precautions
  • COPD breathing
  • Gait cycle phases
  • Stance phase
  • Swing phase
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Trendelenburg gait
  • Steppage gait
  • Circumducted gait
  • Hemiplegic gait
  • Ataxic gait
  • Festinating gait

Upper Extremity and Lower Extremity Anatomy Review

Anatomy Refresh and Upper Extremity Muscles

An anatomy refresh covering muscles and attachments, kinematics, levers in the body, planes and axis, and upper extremity prime movers.

  • Muscle origin and insertion
  • Ligament and tendon
  • Open chain and closed chain kinematics
  • First, second, and third class levers
  • Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes
  • Upper extremity extensors and flexors
  • Shoulder flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation
  • Rotator cuff muscles

Anatomy of Brachial Plexus and Cranial Nerves

Anatomy review covering brachial plexus innervation, nerve injury clinical presentations, and cranial nerve functions.

  • Median nerve innervation
  • Radial nerve innervation
  • Musculocutaneous nerve innervation
  • Median nerve injury
  • Radial nerve injury
  • Cranial nerves
  • Olfactory nerve
  • Optic nerve
  • Trochlear nerve
  • Trigeminal nerve
  • Facial nerve
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Vagus nerve
  • Accessory nerve

Upper Extremity Anatomy and Arthrokinematics Review

Review of upper extremity anatomy including synovial joint types, open and closed chain movements, and arthrokinematics principles.

  • ball and socket joints
  • ellipsoid joints
  • hinge joints
  • saddle joints
  • sliding joints
  • pivot joints
  • open-chain movements
  • closed-chain movements
  • roll and glide movements
  • concave-convex rule
  • shoulder joint anatomy
  • wrist and hand joints

Upper Extremity and Hip Anatomy

Anatomy of the brachial plexus, wrist, hand, and hip joint including muscle movements and prime movers.

  • Wrist extension and flexion
  • Radial and ulnar deviation
  • Finger MCP abduction and adduction
  • Thumb and finger opposition
  • Lumbricals
  • Thumb CMC extension and flexion
  • Thumb CMC adduction and opposition
  • Sacroiliac joint
  • Hip joint movements
  • Deep six rotators

Knee and Ankle Anatomy and Movement

This document details tibiofemoral, patellofemoral, talocrural, and subtalar articulations along with knee and ankle prime movers.

  • Tibiofemoral articulation
  • Patellofemoral articulation
  • Proximal and distal tibiofibular movement
  • Talocrural dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
  • Subtalar inversion and eversion
  • Intertarsal gliding
  • Transverse tarsal articulation
  • MTP and IP joint movement
  • Knee flexion prime movers
  • Dorsiflexors
  • Plantarflexors

Human Hand Anatomy and Orthopedic Conditions

This document covers hand anatomy including carpal bones, palmar arches, ligaments, and nerve injuries, as well as various grasp and pinch patterns.

  • Carpal bones
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
  • Palmar arches
  • Extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments
  • Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)
  • Swan neck deformity
  • Boutonniere deformity
  • Colles' fracture
  • Radial nerve injury
  • Median nerve injury
  • Tenodesis
  • Cylindrical grasp
  • Spherical grasp
  • Hook grasp
  • Tip pinch
  • Lateral pinch

Musculoskeletal Kinesiology and Upper Extremity Anatomy

Introduction to Musculoskeletal Kinesiology and Biomechanics

Understand relationships between structure and function by identifying bones, joints, and muscles while applying kinesiology, biomechanics, and physics to occupation.

  • Osteokinematics
  • Arthrokinematics
  • Planes of motion
  • Axes of motion
  • Directional terminology
  • Isometric contraction
  • Concentric contraction
  • Eccentric contraction
  • Open chain
  • Closed chain
  • Tensile force
  • Compressive force
  • First-class lever
  • Second-class lever
  • Third-class lever

Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Shoulder Complex

This unit explores the anatomical structures of the shoulder joint, including bones, muscles, and the brachial plexus, and examines their role in occupational performance and muscle contraction.

  • shoulder complex
  • occupational performance
  • glenohumeral joint
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • adhesive capsulitis
  • bicipital tendinitis
  • dynamic stability
  • static stability
  • glenohumeral subluxation
  • rotator cuff
  • scaption
  • scapular dyskinesis
  • scapular winging
  • scapulohumeral rhythm
  • subacromial impingement
  • thoracic outlet syndrome

Muscle Function and Contraction Types

This content explores muscle function, motor memory, and different types of muscle contractions including isometric, concentric, and eccentric.

  • Slow-twitch fibers
  • Fast-twitch fibers
  • Motor memory
  • Agonist muscle
  • Antagonist muscle
  • Fixators
  • Synergists
  • Force couple
  • Single and multiple joint muscles
  • Isometric contraction
  • Concentric contraction
  • Eccentric contraction
  • Passive insufficiency
  • Active insufficiency

Upper Extremities Joint Types and Mechanics

This content explores joint articulation, types of synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous joints, and joint positions including close-pack and laxity.

  • Joint articulation
  • Synovial joints
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Ball and socket joint
  • Ellipsoid joint
  • Hinge joint
  • Saddle joint
  • Gliding joint
  • Pivot joint
  • Degrees of freedom
  • Joint kinesiology
  • Close-pack position
  • Laxity of surrounding ligaments
  • Osteokinematics
  • Arthrokinematics
  • Passive and active insufficiency

Upper Extremity Anatomy and Muscle Sufficiency

  • Muscle sufficiency
  • Agonist muscle
  • Antagonist muscle
  • Passive insufficiency
  • Active insufficiency
  • Shoulder bones
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Clavicle

Anatomy and Kinematics of Shoulder Joints

The shoulder complex includes the scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral joints.

  • Scapulothoracic joint
  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Acromioclavicular joint
  • Glenohumeral joint
  • Structural classification
  • Functional classification
  • Shoulder kinematics
  • Scapulothoracic movement
  • Arthrokinematics of the shoulder

Upper Extremity Musculature and Innervation

This content examines axioscapular muscles, rotator cuff muscles, and the brachial plexus providing motor and sensory information to the upper extremity.

  • Axioscapular muscles
  • Trapezius
  • Levator scapulae
  • Rhomboids
  • Serratus anterior
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Rotator cuff muscles
  • Supraspinatus
  • Subscapularis
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Musculocutaneous nerve
  • Median nerve
  • Radial nerve
  • Ulnar nerve

Gross Motor Movements of the Shoulder

This content explores scapulohumeral movement, shoulder girdle kinesiology, and the role of specific muscles in gross motor movements and occupational performance.

  • Scapulohumeral rhythm
  • Scapular elevation
  • Scapular depression
  • Scapular upward rotation
  • Scapular downward rotation
  • Scapular protraction
  • Scapular retraction
  • Humeral flexion
  • Humeral adduction
  • Humeral internal rotation
  • Humeral external rotation
  • Horizontal abduction
  • Horizontal adduction
  • Scapular winging
  • Occupational performance

Shoulder Anatomy and Clinical Conditions

Foundational concepts of shoulder anatomy, muscle roles in movement, joint structures, and clinical conditions affecting the upper extremity.

  • Subacromial impingement
  • Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)
  • Glenohumeral subluxation
  • Rotator cuff muscles
  • Glenohumeral joint dislocation
  • Muscle roles (Agonist, Antagonist, Synergist, Fixator)
  • Force couples
  • Muscle contraction types (Concentric, Eccentric, Isometric)
  • Active and passive insufficiency
  • Tenodesis
  • Synovial joint types (Ball-and-socket, Hinge, Condyloid, Saddle, Gliding, Pivot)
  • Shoulder complex structures
  • Scapulohumeral rhythm

Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and Anatomical Structures

This content explores biomechanical forces, lever systems in the body, and the functions of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.

  • Tensile Force
  • Compressive Force
  • Moment
  • Mechanical Advantage
  • Leverage
  • First-class lever
  • Second-class lever
  • Third-class lever
  • Cortical Bone
  • Cancellous Bone
  • Articular Cartilage
  • Ligament
  • Aponeurosis

Anatomy and Biomechanics of Lower Extremities

Lower Extremities, Pelvis, and Hip Anatomy

This unit explores the bones, joints, and muscles of the lower extremities, including the pelvis, hip, knee, ankle, and foot, and their role in functional mobility and gait.

  • functional mobility
  • gait cycle
  • ambulation
  • weight-shifting
  • lower limb amputation
  • total knee arthroplasty
  • total hip arthroplasty
  • antalgic gait
  • ataxic gait
  • circumduction gait
  • hemiplegic gait
  • Parkinsonian gait
  • scissor gait
  • Trendelenburg gait
  • pes cavus
  • pes planus
  • plantar fasciitis
  • screw-home mechanism
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • sciatica

Lower Extremity Hip and Pelvis Joints

The joints of the lower extremity are designed to absorb and withstand compressive forces through structures like the acetabulofemoral and sacroiliac joints.

  • Acetabulofemoral joint
  • Sacroiliac joint
  • Ball-and-socket structural classification
  • Triaxial functional classification
  • Hip joint movements
  • Open-pack position
  • Close-pack position
  • Synovial joint
  • Arthrokinematics

Anatomy and Biomechanics of Lower Extremities

This content covers the structural classification, movements, and arthrokinematics of the tibiofemoral, patellofemoral, tibiofibular, and talocrural joints.

  • Tibiofemoral joints structural and functional classification
  • Screw-home mechanism
  • Popliteus muscle function
  • Tibiofemoral ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL)
  • Patellofemoral joint gliding articulation
  • Proximal and distal tibiofibular joints
  • Interosseous membrane
  • Knee joint kinematics and biomechanics

Anatomy of the Lower Extremities

This document covers the skeletal and muscular anatomy of the lower extremities, including the femur, tibia, fibula, and foot, as well as the compartments and joints of the hip, knee, and ankle.

  • Femur anatomy
  • Hip muscles and compartments
  • Deep external rotators
  • Hamstring muscles
  • Adductor compartment of the hip
  • Knee joint anatomy and ligaments
  • Anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments of the leg
  • Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius
  • Popliteal fossa
  • Tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges bones
  • Ankle and foot joints

Lower Extremity Kinesiology and Pelvic Function

This topic covers lower extremity movement, the human gait cycle, and the role of the pelvis and hip in functional mobility and postural alignment.

  • Gait cycle
  • Stance phase
  • Swing phase
  • Heel strike
  • Midswing
  • Deceleration
  • Acceleration
  • Pelvic obliquity
  • Hip flexion
  • Hip extension
  • Hip abduction
  • Hip internal rotation
  • Hip external rotation
  • Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
  • Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Functional mobility

Anatomy and Function of Head, Neck, and Trunk

Anatomy of Head, Neck, and Trunk

  • Vertebral Column
  • Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar vertebrae
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Sutures
  • Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
  • Atlanto-occipital joint
  • Costovertebral joints
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Diaphragm
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Hyoid bone
  • Closed-chain movement

Brain Lobes, Cranial Nerves, and Dermatomes

Understand the function of brain lobes, identify the neuroanatomy and functions of cranial nerves I-XII, and differentiate dermatomes and myotomes for neurological screening.

  • Brain lobes
  • Frontal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Cranial nerves
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Central Nervous System
  • Dermatomes
  • Myotomes
  • Olfactory nerve
  • Optic nerve
  • Trochlear nerve
  • Trigeminal nerve
  • Facial nerve
  • Vestibulo-cochlear nerve
  • Glosso-pharyngeal nerve
  • Vagus nerve

Head and Trunk Musculoskeletal Fundamentals

This unit introduces foundational knowledge of human body structures and functions, focusing on the head, neck, and trunk through anatomical, physiological, and kinesiological principles.

  • Arthrokinematics
  • Axis of motion
  • Biomechanics
  • Cervical spine
  • Closed chain movement
  • End-feel
  • Functional mobility
  • Intra-abdominal pressure
  • Isotonic contraction
  • Isometric contraction
  • Kinesiology
  • Lumbar spine
  • Open-chain movement
  • Osteokinematics
  • Planes of motion
  • Radiculopathy
  • Surface anatomy
  • Thoracic spine
  • Trunk

Head and Trunk Musculoskeletal Anatomy

This content explores functional pathways, purposeful movement, and musculoskeletal anatomy of the head, neck, and trunk.

  • TMJ elevation
  • TMJ depression
  • TMJ protraction
  • TMJ retraction
  • Neck flexion
  • Ipsilateral neck rotation
  • Contralateral neck rotation
  • Neck lateral flexion
  • Trunk flexion
  • Trunk rotation
  • Trunk lateral flexion
  • Rib cage elevation
  • Rib cage depression
  • Co-contraction
  • Passive insufficiency

Spinal Anatomy, Stability, and SCI Function

This content discusses core stability, spinal cord levels, and anatomical structures including intervertebral discs and transverse processes.

  • Core stability
  • Spinal cord level (SCI)
  • Functional outcomes
  • Intervertebral disc
  • Annulus fibrosus
  • Nucleus pulposus
  • Transverse processes
  • Vertebrae
  • Spinal nerves

Human Skeletal, Muscular, and Neurovascular Anatomy

Human Skeletal Anatomy and Bone Structures

This document illustrates human skeletal anatomy including vertebrae, skull, clavicle, sternum, and scapula.

  • Cervical vertebrae
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Transverse process
  • Sternum
  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Infraglenoid tubercle
  • Articular facet
  • Zygomatic arch
  • Mandible
  • Cranial sutures
  • Cranium
  • Parietal bone
  • Occipital bone
  • Temporal bone
  • Sternoclavicular joint

Human Musculoskeletal and Neurovascular Anatomy

An anatomical study of human skeletal anatomy, muscular systems, and the brachial plexus.

  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Thoracic anatomy
  • Skeletal anatomy
  • Joint articulation
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Upper Trapezius
  • Levator scapulae
  • Rhomboids
  • Carpal bones
  • Pelvis
  • Femur
  • Sciatic nerve
  • Popliteal artery
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Nerve to subclavius
  • Suprascapular nerve
  • Musculocutaneous nerve
  • Radial nerve

Anatomy of Pelvis, Hip, and Lower Extremities

This document covers the bony landmarks and anatomical structures of the pelvis, hip, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, and foot.

  • Sacrum and coccyx
  • Ilium
  • Innominate hip bones
  • Acetabulum
  • Ischial tuberosity
  • Femur landmarks
  • Tibia and fibula
  • Calcaneus
  • Cuneiforms
  • Arches of the foot
  • Ligaments of the foot

Skull, Facial, and Hyoid Anatomy

This content covers the bones of the head, neck, and throat including the neurocranium, viscerocranium, mandible, and hyoid bone.

  • Neurocranium
  • Viscerocranium
  • Facial bones
  • Mandible
  • Hyoid bone
  • Bones of the throat
  • Pharyngeal muscles
  • Skull anatomy

Musculature of the Head and Trunk

This material covers the anatomy and function of spinal, neck, and trunk muscles including the erector spinae, splenii, and suboccipitals groups.

  • Musculature of the Spine
  • Erector spinae group
  • Transversospinalis group
  • Suboccipitals group
  • Splenii Group
  • Quadratus Lumborum
  • Intertransversarii
  • Interspinales
  • Serratus posterior superior and inferior
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Muscle stabilization
  • Cervical rotation
  • Lateral flexion
  • Respiration

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