Understanding Prescriptions, Placebos, and Patient Expectations Study Guide

Human Subject Research Principles and Regulations

An overview of the historical events, regulations, and ethical codes that govern the conduct of human research.

• historical events in human research
• Good Clinical Practice
• Declaration of Helsinki
• Code of Federal Regulations

Foundational Ethical Principles in Human Research

• voluntary consent of the human subject
• respect for the individual and self determination
• risk-benefit analysis
• independent ethical review
• respect for persons
• beneficence and minimizing risk
• justice and fair selection of subjects

Historical Case Studies for IRB Review

An examination of controversial research studies that highlight the necessity of IRB review and the protection of human subjects.

• vulnerability of research participants
• adequacy and freedom of consent
• informed consent violations
• deception in human subject research
• natural history of infectious diseases
• obedience to authority
• ethical issues in psychological studies
• regulation of federally supported research

Common Rule and Good Clinical Practice

This material covers regulations for protecting human subjects in clinical trials, including the Common Rule, ICH guidance, and Good Clinical Practice standards.

• Common Rule regulations
• Protection of human subjects
• Good Clinical Practice standards
• International Conference on Harmonization guidance
• Informed consent requirements
• Institutional Review Board functions
• Protection for vulnerable subjects
• Clinical trial data accuracy and reliability
• Standard operating procedures for clinical trials
• Use of deception in research

Social and Behavioral Determinants of Health

An examination of the social, behavioral, environmental, and biological factors that influence health outcomes and disease.

• social determinants of health
• clinical iceberg
• fundamental attribution error
• World Health Organization definition of health
• behavioral and environmental forces
• disease illness and sickness distinctions
• impact of individual behavior on cancer risk
• global burden of disease risk factors
• medical vs subjective vs sociological perspectives of health

Social Determinants and Epidemiology in Healthcare

An examination of how race, sex, gender, education, social class, and geography influence health outcomes and healthcare delivery.

• indicators of race and ethnicity
• impact of race and ethnicity on treatment effectiveness
• historical mistrust in the healthcare system
• biological sex versus socially constructed gender
• education as a predictor of health needs
• social gaps in healthcare delivery
• Healthy People 2030 initiative
• data and measurement in social epidemiology
• social class gradient in health
• geographical location and health
• medicalization and demedicalization
• pharmacists as intervention points

Therapeutic and Social Functions of Prescriptions

An examination of prescribing functions, patient expectations, placebo responses, and the nocebo effect within medical practice.

• Prescribing functions
• Placebo effect
• Nocebo effect
• Psychosomatic phenomenon
• Patient expectations
• Treatment context
• Physician expertise
• Social functions of prescriptions

• Therapeutic and Social Functions of Prescriptions

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Understanding the Placebo Effect

The placebo effect is a psychosomatic phenomenon where symptoms of a disease or condition lessen or appear to be cured completely through inert medication or treatment with no therapeutic effect.

• Placebo effect
• Psychosomatic phenomenon
• Inert medication
• Controlled trials
• Pharmacological effect
• Patient expectations
• Medical intervention

Prescribing Behavior and Placebo Effects

An examination of expectation effects, the placebo effect, the nocebo effect, and the ethical implications of placebopathy.

• Expectation Effects
• Placebo Effect
• Nocebo Effect
• Placebopathy
• Dose-response relationship
• Homeopathy
• Ethical considerations

Value Expectancy Theories and Health Locus of Control

This lecture explains theories, constructs, and models regarding value expectancy theories, health locus of control, and social cognitive theory.

• Theory
• Construct
• Model
• Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
• Behavior Potential
• Health Locus of Control
• Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales (MHLC)
• Reciprocal Determinism
• Self-efficacy
• Mastery experience
• Vicarious experience
• Verbal persuasion
• Emotional and physiologic cues

Organizational Culture and Leadership Dynamics

This lecture explores organizational culture dimensions, collegial support, and organizational citizenship behaviors within professional environments.

• Performance Orientation
• Innovation
• Stability
• Collegial Support
• Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
• Organizational Structure
• Social Capital

• Organizational Culture and Leadership Dynamics

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Organizational Culture, Leadership, and Management

A comparison of leadership versus management roles, methods for developing others, and levels of leadership influence.

• Leadership versus Management
• Advising, Coaching, and Development
• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators
• Human Capital Investment

Theory of Planned Behavior and Opioid Abatement

Identify key components of the Theory of Planned Behavior and differentiate between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior regarding motivation factors and barriers for pharmacy personnel participating in opioid abatement programs.

• Theory of Planned Behavior
• Theory of Reasoned Action
• Attitudes
• Subjective Norms
• Perceived Behavior Control
• Intention and Behavior
• Opioid abatement programs

Key Components of Staging Theories

Stage theories view behavior change as a process where individuals move through distinct stages over time.

• Staging theories
• Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM)
• Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM)
• Ordered stages
• Tailored interventions

Engaging Patients in Healthcare Decisions

Describe how cognitive processes, illness experience, and contextual factors influence patient decisions and the pharmacist's role in shared decision-making.

• Patient decision-making
• Patient-centered outcomes
• Disease vs illness experience
• Contextual influences
• Social influences
• Choice architecture
• Shared decision-making

Facilitating Shared Decision Making in Pharmacy

Decision aids and tools facilitate shared decision making to improve communication about information, risks, and options during clinical encounters.

• Shared decision making
• Decision aids
• Issue-based tools
• Risk-based tools
• Template-based tools
• The SHARE approach
• Barriers to engaging patients

Patient-Centered Outcomes and Decision Making

• Patient-centered outcomes
• Clinical outcomes
• Biological and physiological status
• Symptoms
• Functional status
• General health perceptions
• Quality of life
• Shared decision-making
• Outcome measure selection
• Measurement quality

Manuscripts 101 Writing Basics

Writing in professional contexts involves defining the purpose of each manuscript section, using simple and clear language, and organizing content carefully.

• Manuscript sections
• Writing strategies
• Journal impact factor
• Professional writing
• Peer review
• Organizing scientific papers
• Citing sources
• Revising manuscripts

Understanding the IMRAD Manuscript Format

An overview of the IMRAD structure including introduction, methods, results, and discussion components for scientific manuscripts.

• IMRAD format
• Introduction components
• Materials and Methods section
• Results section
• Discussion section
• Hourglass structure
• Abstract organization
• Tables and figures organization
• Scientific manuscript titling

Understanding Journal Impact Factor Metrics

The journal impact factor is a scientometric index reflecting the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years.

• impact factor (IF)
• journal impact factor (JIF)
• scientometric index
• citations
• citable articles
• Web of Science

Health Literacy in Pharmacy Practice

Health literacy includes the ability to find, understand, and use information and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for patients.

• Personal health literacy
• Organizational health literacy
• Teach-back method
• Plain language
• Medication adherence
• Patient-friendly materials
• Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM)
• Newest Vital Sign (NVS)
• Universal precautions
• AI applications in health literacy
• Language access

Models of Illness and Behavior

An overview of various theoretical models used to describe patterns of illness, delinquency, and human behavior.

• Systems Theory Model
• Sociological Model
• Humanistic Model
• Utility of models in organizing thinking

Health Behavior and Wellness Models

An overview of various health behavior models used to understand, predict, and influence patient health behaviors and decision making.

• Health-Illness Continuum Model
• Health Belief Model
• Health Promotion Model
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Holistic health models
• Predicting patient health behaviors

Health Belief Model and Health Promotion Model

An examination of the strengths, limitations, and extensions of the Health Belief Model alongside the components of the Health Promotion Model.

• Strengths and limitations of HBM
• Extended HBM variables
• Predictive capacity of the extended HBM
• Health Promotion Model focus on well-being
• Individual characteristics and experiences
• Behavior-specific knowledge and affect
• Health-promoting behavior outcomes

Maslow’s Hierarchy and Holistic Health Models

An overview of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and the application of holistic health models in pharmacy and patient care.

• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Basic human needs for survival and health
• Self-actualization and individual potential
• Holistic health models in pharmacy
• Emotional and spiritual well-being
• Patient involvement in the healing process
• Holistic therapies and conventional medicine

Professional Socialization of Pharmacists

An overview of the definitions, hallmarks of a profession, and the process of professional socialization within pharmacy.

• profession, professional, professionalism, and professional socialization
• hallmarks of a profession
• specialized knowledge
• accountability
• autonomy
• process of professional socialization
• acquiring values, attitudes, interests, skills, and knowledge
• blend of professional and commercial identities
• realistic disenhancement

Pharmacy Professionalism Concepts and Development

An examination of the characteristics of a profession, the process of professional identity formation, and strategies for developing professionalism in pharmacy.

• characteristics of a profession
• professional identity formation
• professional socialization
• professionalism in pharmacy
• strategies to develop professionalism
• barriers to professionalism
• professional values and attitudes
• experiential learning in professionalism

Opioid Crisis and Overdose Death Trends

Data regarding number and age-adjusted rates of drug overdose deaths and multifaceted approaches to combatting the opioid crisis.

• drug overdose deaths
• opioid-related overdose deaths
• prescription opioids
• opioid crisis
• prevention education
• treatment/recovery

Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change

The Transtheoretical Model of behavior change comprises five stages including Pre-Contemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance to address problem behaviors and relapse.

• Transtheoretical Model
• Pre-Contemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
• Relapse
• Behavior modification

Staging Theories of Behavior Change

Comparison of the Transtheoretical Model and the Precaution Adoption Process Model regarding decision processes and behavior modification.

• Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
• Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM)
• Pre-contemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
• Behavior modification
• Preventive actions

Models of Health and Illness

An exploration of various models used to understand health, illness, and patient behavior within different social and psychological contexts.

• Behavioral Model application
• Psychoanalytical model and unconscious conflicts
• Cognitive dissonance model
• Illness behavior and social context

The Health Belief Model

An overview of the Health Belief Model addressing the relationship between a person's beliefs and health-related behaviors.

• relationship between beliefs and behaviors
• perceived susceptibility
• perceived severity
• perceived benefit
• perceived barrier
• perceived threat
• behavioral evaluation

Introduction to Social Epidemiology

An overview of the discipline of social epidemiology, its historical development, and the impact of social determinants of health.

• social epidemiology
• social determinants of health
• social model of health
• biological model of health
• health disparities
• distribution and determinants of health and disease
• social, economic, cultural, and environmental influences on health

Socioeconomic Status and Health Disparities

An examination of how socioeconomic status, including wealth, education, and employment, impacts health outcomes and access to care.

• socioeconomic status as a health factor
• income-related health disparities
• impact of poverty on diet and chronic illness
• socioeconomic factors including education and employment
• neighborhood influences on health
• negative health influences beyond individual control
• social standing and health behaviors
• government programs for healthcare access
• prevalence of socioeconomic health disparities

Emerging Models for Effective Prevention

Multiple strategies in multiple domains address individual, peer, family, school, community, and policy factors to influence behavior and correct misperceptions.

• Multiple Strategies in Multiple Domains
• Social Norms Theory
• Social Norm Marketing
• Media Campaigns
• Reducing Retail Availability
• Vendor Education
• Possible Selves
• Self-Discrepancy

Theory of Planned Behavior in Pharmacy Opioid Services

• Theory of Planned Behavior
• Attitudes
• Subjective norms
• Perceived behavioral control
• Pharmacist motivation
• Barriers to harm reduction services
• Naloxone program value
• Medication disposal kit programs

The History of Pharmacy's Professional Evolution

A chronological overview of the pharmacy profession's transition from product-oriented dispensing to patient-centered pharmaceutical care.

• professional evolution of pharmacy
• pharmaceutical care and patient-centered philosophy
• professional identity formation
• transition from dispensing to patient-centered responsibility

Introduction to Medication Adherence

An overview of medication adherence definitions, perspectives, types of non-adherence, and factors influencing patient behavior.

• Definition of medication adherence
• Compliance versus persistence
• Primary versus secondary adherence
• Omission and commission in non-adherence
• Impact of non-adherence on healthcare costs
• Predictors of medication adherence
• Reasons for patient non-adherence

Measuring and Evaluating Medication Adherence

This material covers various methods for measuring medication adherence, including MPR and PDC, and the criteria used to evaluate self-report measures.

• Medication Possession Ratio (MPR)
• Proportion of Days Covered (PDC)
• Comparing MPR and PDC
• Evaluating self-report measures
• Validity and reliability
• Sensitivity and specificity
• Adherence as a continuum

Factors and Methods for Medication Adherence

An overview of factors influencing medication adherence and practical strategies to improve patient compliance.

• Patient-related factors
• Medication-related factors
• Health system factors
• Socioeconomic factors
• Condition related factors
• Behavioral factors
• Patient education
• Simplifying medication regimens
• Improving patient-provider communication
• Evaluating adherence