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Understanding Leukemia: CML and AML Study Guide

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), focusing on Polycythemia Vera (PV) and Essential Thrombocythemia (ET). It covers the underlying mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic approaches for these conditions. The guide also differentiates between various types of polycythemias and thrombocytosis.

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White Blood Cell Disorders and Causes

Causes of Leukocytosis, Leukopenia, and Neutropenia

This lecture discusses causes of leukocytosis and leukopenia including infections, inflammation, and blood malignancies.

  • Leukocytosis
  • Leukopenia
  • Neutrophilia
  • Neutropenia
  • Blood malignancies
  • Demargination
  • Bone marrow production
  • White blood cell count

Quantitative and Qualitative White Blood Cell Disorders

Quantitative and qualitative disorders involving neutrophil numbers, chemotaxis deficiency, granule defects, and biochemistry defects.

  • Quantitative disorders
  • Neutrophilia
  • Neutropenia
  • Qualitative disorders
  • Chemotaxis deficiency
  • Myeloperoxidase Deficiency
  • Granule defects
  • Chronic Granulomatous Disease
  • Biochemistry defects
  • Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction Test

Diseases of White Blood Cells

Qualitative changes in white blood cells include toxic changes, platelet clumps, and other qualitative defects.

  • Toxic changes
  • Toxic granulation
  • Dohle bodies
  • Cytoplasmic vacuolation
  • Pyknotic cells
  • Platelet clumps
  • Platelet satellites
  • Alder anomaly
  • LE Cells

Monocyte Macrophage Lipid Storage Disorders

Monocyte/macrophage lipid storage disorders represent inherited enzyme deficiencies resulting in flawed degradation of phagocytized material.

  • Monocyte/Macrophage Lipid Storage Disorders
  • Gaucher’s Disease
  • Tay-Sachs disease
  • Sphingolipid Metabolism
  • β-glucocerebrosidase
  • Sphingomyelinase
  • Hexosaminidase A
  • GM2 gangliosidosis
  • Leukocytosis
  • Leukopenia
  • Quantitative white cell disorders
  • Qualitative white cell disorders

White Blood Cell Functions and Neutrophil Characteristics

White Blood Cell Function and Production

A review of white blood cell production, myeloid proliferation, and types of neutrophils in peripheral blood.

  • WBC production
  • Pluripotential cell
  • Progenitor cell
  • Precursor cells
  • Colony stimulating factors
  • Myeloid proliferation
  • Myeloblast
  • Myelocyte
  • Metamyelocyte
  • Band
  • Segmented neutrophils
  • Circulating neutrophils
  • Marginating neutrophils

White Blood Cell Function and Neutrophilic Granules

Neutrophils contain primary and secondary granules that utilize enzymes like myeloperoxidase and lysozymes to kill bacteria within the innate immune system.

  • Destruction of Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophilic Granules
  • Primary Granules
  • Secondary Granules
  • Tertiary Granules
  • Myeloperoxidase
  • Lysozymes
  • Innate Immune System
  • Humoral Response

Neutrophil Function and Phagocytosis Processes

Neutrophils perform the ingestion and destruction of invading microorganisms through steps including chemotaxis, opsonization, phagocytosis, degranulation, and killing.

  • Neutrophil function
  • Granulocytic pool
  • Bone marrow maturation
  • Chemotaxis
  • Opsonization
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pseudopods
  • Phagosome
  • Degranulation
  • Oxidative burst
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Myeloperoxidase
  • Hypochlorous acid
  • Inflammation

White Blood Cell Counts and Neutrophil Variations

This material covers white blood cell counts, neutrophilia causes, bone marrow responses, and neutrophil qualitative changes or neutropenia.

  • Relative count
  • Absolute count
  • Neutrophilia
  • Leukocytosis
  • Left shift
  • Leukemoid Reaction
  • Bone marrow response
  • Toxic granulation
  • Dohle bodies
  • Vacuolization
  • Neutropenia
  • Acquired neutropenia

White Blood Cell Functions and Characteristics

This lecture reviews the functions, normal ranges, and clinical significance of eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and neutrophils.

  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Parasitic infections
  • Allergies
  • CML
  • Inflammation
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Macrophages
  • Innate Immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Eosinopenia
  • Basopenia

CML Diagnosis and LAP Scoring

Diagnosis and Treatment of CML

Diagnosis of CML involves the presence of Philadelphia Chromosome and Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) scores to distinguish between CML and leukemoid reaction.

  • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
  • Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP) score
  • Leukemoid reaction
  • Blast crisis
  • Chemotherapy
  • Transplantation
  • Leukopheresis

Polycythemia Vera and Thrombocythemia Disorders

Myeloproliferative Disorders and Polycythemia Vera

Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders including Polycythemia Vera and Essential Thrombocythemia characterized by increased cell lines and distinct clinical findings.

  • Polycythemia Vera
  • Stem cell disorder
  • Increased RBC, WBC, platelets
  • Myelofibrosis
  • Blood viscosity
  • Thrombosis
  • Erythropoietin levels
  • Relative polycythemia
  • Secondary polycythemia
  • Therapeutic phlebotomy
  • Essential Thrombocythemia
  • Platelet activation
  • Relative Thrombocytosis
  • Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder

Classification and Evaluation of Acute Myeloid Leukemias

Classification of Acute Myelocytic Leukemia

This lecture covers WHO and French-American-British (FAB) classification of acute myeloid leukemias including subtypes, chromosomal abnormalities, and morphological evaluation of blasts.

  • WHO Classification
  • French-American-British (FAB) Classification
  • Acute Myelocytic Leukemia subtypes
  • Blast evaluation
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • t(8;21)
  • inv(16)
  • t(15;17)
  • Myeloperoxidase
  • Sudan Black B
  • Specific esterase
  • Non-specific esterase
  • Lysozyme
  • AML minimally differentiated
  • M1 myeloblastic without maturation
  • M2 myeloblastic with maturation
  • M3 promyelocytic leukemia

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