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Understanding Hypertension: Causes, Risks, and Complications Study Guide

This guide provides an overview of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD), detailing key management strategies. Learn about lifestyle changes, medications like statins and PCSK9 inhibitors for hyperlipidemia, antihypertensives, and anti-platelet drugs. It also covers diagnostic tools used to assess CAD. This information is crucial for understanding cardiovascular health and disease prevention.

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Hypertension Physiology and Clinical Management

This document discusses blood pressure physiology, hemodynamics, blood pressure control mechanisms, and the diagnosis and management of hypertension.

Systolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Cardiac Output
Peripheral Resistance
Vasoconstriction
Baroreceptors
Renin – Angiotensin II – Aldosterone System
Hormonal influences
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Pharmacological management

Introduction to the Cardiovascular System

Overview of the Cardiovascular System

This document describes the anatomy, physiology, and electrical conduction system of the heart and blood vessels.

Cardiovascular disease risk factors
Gross anatomy of the heart
Coronary circulation
Cardiac conduction system
Cardiac cycle
Systole and diastole
Pulmonary and systemic circulation
Heart wall layers
Atrioventricular and semilunar valves
Cardiac action potential
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Purkinje fibers
Blood vessel types

Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease

A study of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, and the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease.

Atherosclerosis pathophysiology
Coronary artery disease
Myocardial oxygen demand
Myocardial blood supply
Endothelial injury
Foam cells
Inflammation
Thrombus formation
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Risk factors

Medication Reference List and Clinical Implications

Cardiac and Respiratory Medication Reference List

A reference list of cardiac and respiratory medications including drug names, indications, treatment results, side effects, and implications for physical therapy.

Diuretics
Beta Adrenergic Antagonist Agents
Vasodilators
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Agents
Aldosterone Antagonists
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nitrates
Sodium Channel Blockers
Positive Inotropic Agents
Anticoagulants
Antithrombotic Drugs
Thrombolytic Agents
Antihyperlipidemia Agents
Beta Adrenergic Agonists
Xanthine derivatives
Leukotriene Inhibitors
Anticholinergic Drugs
Side Effects
Implications for PT

Hypertension Definition, Classification, and Pathophysiology

Hypertension Definition, Classification, and Pathogenesis

Hypertension involves persistent elevation in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure caused by increased resistance and decreased compliance in blood vessels.

Primary or Essential Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Labile or Borderline Hypertension
Isolated Systolic Hypertension
Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk Factors
Pathogenesis of increased resistance and decreased compliance
Systemic effects of hypertension
Chronic hypertension complications
Diagnosis of hypertension
Clinical manifestations

Cardiac Function, Regulation, and Hemodynamics

Functions and Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system generates blood pressure, maintains tissue perfusion, and utilizes the baroreceptor reflex and hormonal systems to regulate heart rate and blood pressure.

Cardiac Electrical Activity
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Functions of the Heart
Parasympathetic Nervous System Innervation
Sympathetic Nervous System Innervation
Adrenergic Receptors
Baroreceptor Reflex
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Determinants and Measures of Cardiac Function

Measures of cardiac function include cardiac output, which is dependent on heart rate and stroke volume determined by preload, afterload, and contractility.

Cardiac Output
Heart Rate
Stroke Volume
Preload
Afterload
Contractility
Inotropy
Chronotropy
Sinoatrial node

Medical Management and Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis

Medical Management of Atherosclerosis and CAD

Management of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease through lifestyle management, pharmacological interventions for hyperlipidemia and hypertension, and anti-platelet therapy.

Medical Management of Atherosclerosis
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Lifestyle Management
Coronary Angiography
LDL-C reduction
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Statins
Statin-induced Myopathy
PCSK9 Inhibitors
Pharmacological Management of Hypertension
Anti-platelet therapy
Coronary Artery Disease

Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology of Heart Failure

Classifications and Manifestations of Heart Failure

This document details classifications of heart failure including left-sided, right-sided, systolic, diastolic, HFrEF, HFpEF, and Cor Pulmonale, alongside clinical manifestations and signs.

Left-Sided Heart Failure
Right-Sided Heart Failure
Cor Pulmonale
Systolic Heart Failure
Diastolic Heart Failure
HFrEF
AHA Classification Stages
New York Heart Association Functional Classification
Systemic congestion
Jugular Venous Distention
Ascites
Organomegaly
Pulmonary vascular congestion

Classification and Diagnosis of Heart Failure

Heart failure is classified into systolic HFrEF and diastolic HFpEF based on ejection fraction and diagnosed using BNP lab values and echocardiograms.

Systolic Heart Failure (HFrEF)
Diastolic Heart Failure (HFpEF)
Ejection Fraction (EF)
American Heart Association (AHA) Stages of HF
New York Heart Association Functional Classification
Echocardiogram
Ventricular contraction
Myocardium stretch

Peripheral Vascular Disease and Arterial Disorders

Arterial and Venous Disorders Overview

Peripheral Vascular Disease consists of arterial occlusive disorders and venous disorders including Peripheral Artery Disease, Chronic Venous Insufficiency, and Deep Vein Thrombosis.

Peripheral Vascular Disease
Peripheral Artery Disease
Intermittent Claudication
Trophic changes
Arterial ulcers
Necrosis
Gangrene
Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) Testing
Dependent Rubor Test
Doppler Ultrasound
Duplex Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
Computed Tomographic Arteriography (CTA)
Arteriography
LE Arterial Exercise Testing
Medical Management of PAD

PAD and Acute Arterial Occlusion Management

Pharmacological and surgical management strategies for peripheral artery disease and acute arterial occlusion including rehab implications.

Pharm Management of PAD
Anti-thrombotic Therapy
Surgical Management of PAD
Balloon Angioplasty
Stent placement
Arterial Bypass Surgery
LE Arterial Bypass Surgery Rehab Implications
Acute Arterial Occlusion
Medical Management of Acute Arterial Occlusion
Intra-arterial Thrombolytic Therapy
Mechanical Thromboembolectomy
Rehab Implications post Acute Arterial Occlusion

Medical Management of Hypertension

Medical management of hypertension includes non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and pharmacological management using various antihypertensive medication categories to decrease cardiac output or peripheral resistance.

Non-Pharmacological Management
Pharmacological Management
Diuretics
Beta Blockers
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Vasodilators
Side Effects of Antihypertensive Medications
Rehab Implications
Hypertensive Emergency Red Flags

Diagnostic Tests and Treatment for Cardiovascular Disease

Diagnostic Tests and Cardiovascular Treatments

Information regarding diagnostic tests for cardiovascular function, general treatment measures for cardiac disorders, and common medication classes for cardiovascular disease.

Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Exercise Electrocardiogram (Stress Test)
Echocardiogram (Echo)
Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE)
Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
Dietary Modifications
Effects of Smoking
Beta Blockers
Alpha Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB’s)

Pathophysiology and Management of Angina and Myocardial Infarction

Diagnosis and Management of Angina and Myocardial Infarction

This content covers the diagnosis, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, types, and medical management of angina pectoris and coronary artery disease.

Coronary Artery Disease diagnosis
Nuclear Stress Testing
Coronary Angiography
Cardiac Catheterization
Angina etiology
Myocardial infarction
Atherosclerosis
Unstable angina
Pharmacological management
Organic Nitrates
Nitroglycerin administration

Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, and Myocardial Infarction

This content covers Acute Coronary Syndrome, including myocardial infarction types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and pharmacological interventions.

Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Unstable Angina
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
STEMI vs NSTEMI
Right Coronary Artery (RCA) Occlusion
Left Coronary Artery (LCA) Occlusion
Clinical Manifestations of MI
Cardiac Enzymes and Troponin
EKG Changes
Pharmacological Interventions
Antiplatelets
Anticoagulants

Management of Myocardial Infarction and CAD

Pharmacological interventions, surgical management, and physical therapy implications for myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease.

Thrombolytic Agents
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
Balloon Angioplasty
Drug Eluting Stent (DES)
Rotational Atherectomy
Laser Angioplasty
Saphenous vein grafts
Median sternotomy
Sternal Precautions
Airway Clearance Techniques
Cardiogenic shock
Ventricular thrombus
Arrhythmias
Pericarditis

Medical and Pharmacological Management of HF

Medical and Pharmacological Management of Heart Failure

Medical management of heart failure aims at the underlying cause through pharmacologic management to increase myocardial pumping ability and decrease cardiac workload.

Pharmacologic Management of HF
Stroke Volume Determinants
Preload
Afterload
Contractility
Beta Blockers
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
Aldosterone Antagonists
Diuretics
Vasodilators
Positive Inotropes
Cardiac Glycosides
AHA Stages of Heart Failure
Self-Care and Self Management

Medical and Surgical Management of Valve Dysfunction

Management of Valvular Dysfunction

Medical and surgical management of valve dysfunction includes monitoring, medications to reduce cardiac workload, valve repair, and valve replacement.

Medical management of valve dysfunction
Valve repair
Valvuloplasty
Annuloplasty rings or bands
Heart valve replacement
Bioprosthetic valve
Mechanical valve
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

Management of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders

Chronic and Acute Venous Disorders

This content covers chronic venous insufficiency, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, skin changes, diagnosis, and medical management of venous disorders.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)
Venous valve dysfunction
Venous hypertension
Varicose veins
Hemosiderin staining
Venous stasis ulceration
Cellulitis
Duplex US
Venography
Compression stockings
Unna Boot

Arterial and Venous Disorders Management

Diagnosis, medical management, and prevention of DVT, pulmonary embolism, and lymphedema.

Wells Risk Assessment
D-dimer testing
Duplex US
Anticoagulant therapy
Warfarin
Thrombolytic agents
Inferior Vena Cava Filter
aPTT and INR monitoring
Pulmonary Embolism symptoms
Thrombectomy
Embolectomy
Lymphedema types
Manual Lymph Drainage

Telehealth Monitoring and Surgical Management of HF

Heart Failure Monitoring and Surgical Management

Management of heart failure through telehealth monitoring, CardioMEMS pulmonary artery pressure sensors, and surgical devices including IABP, ECMO, and LVAD.

Telehealth Monitoring
Cardiovascular MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CardioMEMS)
Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)
Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
Heart Transplantation
Destination Therapy
Bridge to Transplantation
Cardiac output

Cardiac Conduction, Arrhythmias, and Management

Diagnosis and Management of Arrhythmias

Methods for the diagnosis and medical management of arrhythmias including electrocardiography, telemetry monitoring, Holter monitors, electrophysiological studies, pharmacological management, cardiac ablation, and cardiac pacemakers.

Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
Telemetry Monitoring
Electrophysiological Study (EPS)
Pharmacological Management
Sodium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers
B1 blockers
Cardiac Ablation
Radiofrequency ablation
Cryoablation
Cardiac Pacemaker (PPM)
Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD)
Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Wireless PPM

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