Understanding Enthalpy in Chemical Reactions Study Guide
This guide explains enthalpy and its changes in chemical reactions. It covers thermochemical equations, distinguishing between exothermic and endothermic processes, and the rules for manipulating thermochemical equations. It also introduces thermochemical stoichiometry, the role of limiting reactants, and Hess's Law for calculating enthalpy changes in complex reactions. Key concepts include enthalpy definition, $\Delta H$, thermochemical equations, exothermic/endothermic reactions, Hess's Law, a
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Energy Fundamentals and Calorimetry Principles
Fundamentals of Thermochemistry and Energy
This unit covers energy fundamentals, thermal energy terminology, enthalpy in chemical reactions, and calorimetry principles.
- Potential energy
- Kinetic energy
- Thermal energy
- Chemical energy
- Law of Energy Conservation
- Systems and surroundings
- Open, closed, and isolated systems
- Heat
- Temperature
- Internal energy
- Work
- Enthalpy
- Endothermic processes
- Exothermic processes
- State functions
- Calorie
- Joule
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Specific heat
Chemical Reactions, Stoichiometry, and Quantitative Analysis
Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
Writing and balancing chemical equations to show identities, relative quantities, and physical states of reactants and products.
- Chemical equations
- Reactants
- Products
- Coefficients
- Physical states
- Precipitation
- Gas formation
- Conservation of mass
- Balancing chemical equations
- Skeleton equation
Molecular, Ionic, and Redox Reactions
This content covers molecular vs ionic equations, complete and net ionic equations, and balancing redox reactions using oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
- molecular equations
- ionic equations
- complete ionic equations
- spectator ions
- redox reactions
- oxidation
- reduction
- reducing agent
- oxidizing agent
- half-reaction
- balancing redox reactions
- acidic solution
- basic media
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Reaction Stoichiometry and Quantitative Relationships
Examine quantitative relationships between reactants and products using coefficients of balanced chemical equations, dimensional analysis, and mole ratios.
- Stoichiometry
- Mole-to-Mole
- Mole-to-Mass
- Mass-to-Mole
- Mass-to-Mass
- Dimensional Analysis
- Limiting Reactant
- Excess Reactant
- Theoretical Yield
- Actual Yield
- Percent Yield
The Mole and Mass Conversions
The mole, atomic mass, molecular mass, and Avogadro’s number are used for mass-mole-# conversions.
- The mole
- Atomic mass
- Molecular mass
- Molar mass
- Empirical vs molecular formulas
- Solution concentration measures
- Molarity
- Mass-mole-# conversions
- Dimensional analysis
Measuring Solution Concentration and Dilution
This content covers homogeneous mixtures of solutes and solvents, common measures of solution concentration, and solution dilution calculations.
- Solutions
- Solute
- Molarity
- Molality
- Mass %
- Volume %
- Mass/Volume %
- ppm
- ppb
- Solution Dilution
Bomb and Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
Bomb and Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
Comparison of bomb calorimeters used for combustion reactions and constant-pressure calorimeters used for non-combustion reactions.
- Bomb (Constant-Volume) Calorimeters
- Combustion reactions
- Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
- Non-combustion reactions
- Heat capacity
- Endothermic reaction
- Exothermic reaction
Atomic Structure, Chemical Nomenclature, and Reaction Classification
Naming Binary Covalent Compounds and Ionic Hydrates
Rules for naming binary covalent compounds using counting prefixes and naming ionic hydrates containing incorporated water molecules.
- binary covalent compounds
- counting prefixes
- hydrogen exception
- common miscellaneous covalent compounds
- ionic hydrates
- hygroscopic compounds
Classifying Chemical Reactions and Redox
Classifying chemical reactions including combination, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion, precipitation, acid/base neutralization, and redox reactions.
- Combination/Synthesis
- Decomposition
- Single Replacement
- Activity Series
- Double Replacement/Metathesis
- Combustion
- Precipitation
- Acid/Base Reaction - Neutralization
- Redox (Reduction/Oxidation)
- Oxidation Number Rules
- Disproportionation
Enthalpy in Chemical Reactions
Enthalpy in Chemical Reactions
This topic covers thermochemical equations, manipulating equations, thermochemical stoichiometry, and Hess’ Law to calculate enthalpy changes.
- Thermochemical Equations
- Manipulating Thermochemical Equations
- Enthalpies of Reaction
- Thermochemical Stoichiometry
- Limiting Reactant
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