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Sensory and Motor Pathways and Reflexes Study Guide

This guide provides a foundational understanding of how the senses of smell and taste work, including the neural pathways involved and the basic principles of action potentials that enable communication within the nervous system. It covers the phases of an action potential, ion movements, and the role of the sodium-potassium pump in restoring neuronal resting potential.

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Neuromuscular Physiology and Nervous Tissue

Neuromuscular Physiology and Muscle Metabolism

  • Skeletal muscle physiology
  • Nervous tissue
  • Neuromuscular junction
  • Sliding filament theory
  • Sarcomere shortening
  • ATP generation
  • Creatine phosphate
  • Glycolysis
  • Aerobic cellular respiration
  • Fast-twitch fibers
  • Slow-twitch fibers
  • Lactate production
  • Oxygen debt
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Calcium release

Nervous Tissue and Neuromuscular Communication

Nervous tissue comprises neurons and glia that transmit electrical impulses and communicate with muscle fibers via the neuromuscular junction.

  • Nervous tissue
  • Neurons
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Epineurium
  • Perineurium
  • Endoneurium
  • Neuromuscular junction
  • Synapse
  • Synaptic cleft
  • Motor end plate
  • Action Potential
  • Neurotransmitter
  • Resting potential
  • Depolarization
  • Repolarization
  • Hyperpolarization
  • Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Superficial Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

Superficial Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

This content covers superficial skeletal muscle anatomy including muscles of the pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb, hands, and feet.

  • Superficial skeletal muscle anatomy
  • Muscles of the posterior forearm
  • Muscles of the hands and feet
  • Muscles of the anterior lower leg
  • Muscles of the posterior lower leg
  • Muscles of the hip and knee
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gracilis

Bone Markings and Synovial Joint Examples

Bone Articulation Examples and Markings

Provides anatomical examples of synovial joints and bone markings, including depressions, projections, and openings.

  • Synovial joints
  • Temporomandibular Joint
  • Sternoclavicular Joint
  • Acromioclavicular Joint
  • Glenohumeral Joint
  • Humeroulnar Joint
  • Humeroradial Joint
  • Proximal Radioulnar Joint
  • Acetabular Joint
  • Tibiofemoral Joint
  • Patellofemoral Joint
  • Bone markings
  • Head
  • Trochlea
  • Facet
  • Depression
  • Notch
  • Fossa
  • Alveolus

Action Potentials and Sensory Pathways

Action Potentials and Sensory Pathways

  • Action potentials
  • Afferent and efferent pathways
  • Peripheral and central nervous system connectivity
  • Brain organization and development
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal cord anatomy
  • Sensory and motor pathways
  • General senses
  • Olfaction
  • Gustation
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
  • Gray matter
  • White matter
  • Resting potential

Bone Markings and Muscle Tissue Anatomy

Bone Markings and Muscle Tissue Anatomy

Details bone markings, openings, and the anatomy of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue.

  • Bone markings
  • Canal
  • Fissure
  • Meatus
  • Sinus
  • Skeletal muscle anatomy
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Muscle functions

Muscle Tissue Types and Skeletal Anatomy

Differentiates muscle tissue types based on appearance, location, and contraction forms, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Connective tissue
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
  • Tendons
  • Muscle cell anatomy
  • Sarcoplasm
  • Myofibrils
  • Thick filaments
  • Thin filaments
  • Actin
  • Tropomyosin
  • Troponin
  • Sarcomeres
  • Z disc
  • I-band

Superficial Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Composition

Superficial Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

This content covers superficial skeletal muscle anatomy, including skeletal muscle composition, actions, naming, and muscle tissue types.

  • Superficial skeletal muscle anatomy
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Skeletal muscle composition
  • Muscle actions
  • Muscle naming
  • Muscles of the head and neck
  • Muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limb
  • Muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limb
  • Tendons
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
  • Origin
  • Insertion
  • Proximal attachment
  • Distal attachment

Superficial Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Physiology

Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Physiology

  • sarcomeres
  • myofibrils
  • I-band
  • A-band
  • H-zone
  • Sliding Filament Theory
  • thin and thick filaments
  • actin
  • troponin
  • tropomyosin
  • ATP generation
  • creatine phosphate
  • glycolysis
  • aerobic cellular respiration
  • fast-twitch fibers
  • slow-twitch fibers
  • lactate
  • oxygen debt

Sensory Pathways of Taste and Smell

Sensory Pathways of Taste and Smell

Sensory pathways involve transmitting sensory information through chemical senses including gustation and olfaction.

  • Sensory pathways
  • Special senses
  • Equilibrium
  • Vestibular system
  • Olfaction
  • Gustation
  • Taste buds
  • Gustatory receptor cells
  • Supporting cells
  • Basal cells
  • Gustatory neurons
  • Action potentials
  • Cranial nerves
  • Facial Nerve
  • Glossopharyngeal Nerve
  • Vagus Nerve
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Olfactory epithelium
  • Olfactory neurons

Senses, Motor Pathways, and Reflexes

Sensory and Motor Pathways and Reflexes

Explains how proprioceptors relay sensory information through afferent pathways to the brain, and how efferent pathways carry motor information from the cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.

  • Proprioceptors
  • Muscle Spindle
  • Synovial joints
  • Afferent pathways
  • Efferent pathways
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Motor association areas
  • Cerebral nuclei
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Cranial nerves
  • Lumbar plexus
  • Sacral plexus
  • Reflex
  • Monosynaptic reflex
  • Polysynaptic reflex

Superficial Muscles of the Body

Superficial Muscles of the Body

Superficial muscles of the head, neck, trunk, arm, forearm, hands, feet, and lower leg facilitate facial expressions, mastication, swallowing, and limb movements.

  • Facial expression muscles
  • Mastication muscles
  • Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
  • Anterior shoulder muscles
  • Trunk muscles
  • Anterior arm muscles
  • Posterior arm muscles
  • Anterior forearm muscles
  • Posterior forearm muscles
  • Hand and foot muscles
  • Anterior lower leg muscles

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System Overview

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

A summary of somatic versus autonomic nervous systems and parasympathetic versus sympathetic nervous systems.

  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • acetylcholine
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine

Brain Organization, Senses, and Neuronal Function

Olfaction, Gustation, and Neuron Potentials

Olfaction transmits information to the amygdala and hippocampus while neurons undergo action potential phases including depolarization and repolarization.

  • Olfaction
  • Hippocampus
  • Sensory receptor cell
  • Gustatory receptor
  • Olfactory receptor
  • Olfactory bulb
  • Gustatory cortex
  • Action potential
  • Resting potential
  • Threshold potential
  • Depolarization
  • Repolarization
  • Hyperpolarization

Anatomy and Physiology of Skeletal Muscles

Superficial Muscles of the Lower Limb

Superficial muscles of the posterior lower leg, anterior thigh, and posterior thigh contribute to hip, knee, and foot movements.

  • Fibularis longus
  • Plantaris
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Sartorius
  • Adductor longus
  • Tensor fasciae latae
  • Quadriceps
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Hamstrings
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gracilis
  • Plantarflexion
  • Hip flexion

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