Renal Calculi: Formation, Symptoms, and Treatment Study Guide
This guide explains the fundamental functions of the kidneys, the classification and staging of acute kidney injury (AKI), and delves into the pathogenesis of APSGN, a common cause of intrinsic renal AKI. It covers diagnostic findings, treatment approaches, and prognosis.
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Renal System Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology
Renal System Structure and Function
Overview of the structure and function of the renal and urologic system, including glomerular filtration, renal clearance, and indicators of kidney disease.
- Renal and urologic system structure
- Kidney function and homeostasis
- Glomerular filtration process
- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- Renal clearance
- Creatinine clearance
- Estimated GFR (eGFR)
- Blood tests for renal function
- Azotaemia
- Uraemia
Pathophysiology of Obstructive Uropathy
Obstructive uropathy involves structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow leading to hydronephrosis, renal atrophy, and impaired concentration.
- Obstructive uropathy
- Hydronephrosis
- Renal atrophy
- Dilatation of pelvis and calyces
- Interstitial fibrosis
- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- Bilateral complete obstruction
- Polyuria
- Nephrostomy
- Stents
Pathophysiology of Obstructive Uropathy
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Pathophysiology of Renal Calculi
Renal calculi are small hard mineral deposits that form in the kidney through various types including calcium, struvite, uric acid, and cysteinuria stones.
- Renal calculi
- Calcium stones
- Struvite stone
- Uric acid stones
- Cysteinuria
- Stone formation
- Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Pathophysiology and Management of Renal Calculi
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Renal Function and Urine Analysis
The kidneys maintain homeostasis by filtering blood through the nephron to regulate electrolytes, water, and metabolic waste products.
- homeostasis
- kidney function
- glomerulus
- renal tubules
- hormones
- erythropoietin
- glomerular filtration rate
- creatinine clearance
- proteinuria
- haematuria
- glucosuria
- polyuria
- nocturia
- dehydration
Renal Function and Urine Analysis: A Clinical Overview
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Renal Hormones and Renal Function Tests
Renal hormones control urine concentration and erythropoiesis while renal clearance techniques determine GFR, tubular secretion, and renal blood flow.
- Renal Hormones
- ADH
- Natriuretic Hormones
- Erythropoietin
- Renal clearance
- Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- Creatinine
- Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)
- Plasma cystatin C
- Renal blood flow (RBF)
Renal Pathophysiology and Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
This lecture covers kidney physiology, the mechanisms of acute kidney injury, and the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
- Kidney physiology
- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- Acute kidney injury (AKI)
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- KDIGO staging of AKI
- Pre-renal, intrinsic renal, and post-renal AKI
- Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
- Type III hypersensitivity
- Immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis
- Complement activation
- Glomerular filtration barrier damage
- Haematuria
- Proteinuria
- Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies
- Anti-DNase B antibodies
- Hypocomplementaemia
- Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
- Granular immunofluorescence
Renal Pathophysiology and Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
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Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis Case Study
A case study examining acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis through clinical presentation, examination findings, laboratory results, and acute kidney injury criteria.
- Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
- Acute kidney injury (AKI)
- Group A Streptococcus (GAS)
- Nephritic syndrome
- Haematuria
- Proteinuria
- Oliguria
- Hypertension
- Periorbital swelling
- Peripheral oedema
- Serum creatinine
- Glomerular filtration
- Complement consumption
Renal Physiology, Urinalysis, and Haematology Analysis
Urinalysis Parameters and Renal Disorders
This presentation covers urinalysis terms regarding urine volume and parameters of urine composition including color, pH, specific gravity, odor, protein, glucose, lipids, red blood cells, white blood cells, crystals, and casts.
- Oliguria
- Polyuria
- Diuresis
- Nocturia
- Microalbuminuria
- Haematuria
- Pyuria
- Uric acid crystals
- Calcium oxalate
Determination of Titratable Acidity and Ammonia
This lab involves the determination of titratable acidity in urine using sodium hydroxide and phenolphthalein indicator, and the determination of ammonia in urine using formalin.
- titratable acidity
- sodium hydroxide
- phenolphthalein indicator
- acid-base titration
- ammonium ion
- urinalysis
- renal function
- phosphate groups
- organic acids
- formalin
Renal Urine Analysis and Kidney Morphology
Analyse the composition of urine using test strips and a refractometer to determine pathological changes and examine kidney morphology in normal and diseased tissue sections.
- urinalysis
- test strips
- specific gravity
- refractometer
- refraction
- nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- diabetes mellitus
- kidney morphology
- glomeruli
- medulla
- cortex
- renal pyramids
- mesangial cells
Renal Physiology and Blood Urea Nitrogen
Blood urea nitrogen varies as a result of altered protein intake and protein catabolism and serves as an indicator for hydration status.
- Blood urea nitrogen
- Protein intake
- Protein catabolism
- Glomerular filtration rate
- Hydration status
- Dehydration
- Kidney failure
Renal Physiology and Urinalysis Parameters
Urinalysis involves evaluating urine color, pH, specific gravity, and urine sediment including red blood cells and white blood cells.
- Urine color
- Urine pH
- Specific gravity
- Urine sediment
- Red blood cells
- Hematuria
- White blood cells
- Pyuria
- Reagent strips
- Leukocyte esterase
- Nitrates
- Hemoglobin
- Myoglobin
Acid-Base Balance Physiology and Pathophysiology
An overview of acid-base balance covering buffering systems, acid/base disorders, and compensation.
- buffering systems
- acid/base disorders
- compensation
Automated Haematology Analysis and Blood Morphology
This laboratory introduces automated blood cell analysis and microscopic examination of blood cells to recognise and interpret patterns associated with haematological disorders.
- automated haematology analyser
- full blood examination (FBE)
- blood film microscopy
- blood cell morphology
- quality control (QC)
- iron-deficiency anaemia
- folate-deficiency anaemia
- vitamin B12-deficiency anaemia
- acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
- acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
- chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
- chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
- blast cells
- smudge cells
Haematology Blood Smear Morphology and Disorders
This resource provides information on blood smear morphology, including white blood cell types, red blood cell disorders, and various leukaemia diagnoses.
- White blood cell morphology
- Red blood cell morphology
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Granulocytes
- Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
- Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
- Sickle cell anemia
- Pernicious anemia
- Microcytic anemia
- Leucopenia
- Leukocytosis
- Full Blood Count
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