Knee Joint Anatomy and Biomechanics Study Guide
This guide delves into the biomechanics of posture, explaining how the central nervous system controls body position and stability. It covers reactive and proactive postural responses, the concept of the Line of Gravity, and its interaction with joint moments. The guide also details common postural abnormalities like swayback and forward head posture, and physiological adaptations such as those during pregnancy. Furthermore, it analyzes the biomechanics of sitting, differentiating between active
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Anatomy of the Pelvis and Hip Joint
Pelvic Girdle Joints and Lower Limb Anatomy
An overview of the muscles, bones, and joints of the lower limb including the hip and knee.
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fasciae latae
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus
- Adductor longus
- Gracilis
- Pectineus
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
- Sartorius
- Iliopsoas
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus medialis
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus intermedius
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Ossification of the Upper Limb
Lower Limb Ossification and Skeletal Maturation
This material details the primary and secondary ossification centers, fusion ages, and chronological sequence of development for the os coxa, femur, patella, and tibia.
- Os Coxa primary and secondary ossification centers
- Acetabulum fusion
- Femur primary ossification center
- Distal epiphysis
- Greater trochanter
- Lesser trochanter
- Patella ossification
- Tibia proximal and distal epiphyses
- Tibial tuberosity
- Skeletal maturation
Skeletal Maturation and Ossification Patterns
This content details the ossification centers, epiphyseal plates, and skeletal maturation of the fibula, pelvis, hip, foot, metatarsals, and phalanges.
- Fibula ossification centers
- Android and gynecoid pelvis anatomy
- Apophyseal structures
- Acetabulum fusion
- Foot and tarsal ossification
- Metatarsal and phalanges development
- Skeletal maturation and age estimation
Knee, Ankle, and Foot Biomechanics
Knee Joint Anatomy and Biomechanics
The knee is an important joint for weight-bearing and motion consisting of tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints.
- tibiofemoral joint
- patellofemoral joint
- Patellar function
- flexion-extension
- rotation
- instantaneous center of rotation
- rolling and gliding motions
- screw home mechanism
- open chain vs closed chain
- medial and lateral rotation
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Patellofemoral Joint Kinematics and Movement
This document illustrates patellofemoral joint kinematics, including how the patella tilts, shifts, and rotates during flexion-extension movements.
- patellofemoral joint kinematics
- Patellar contact area
- flexion-extension movements
- extension lag
- patellar tracking
- quadriceps force
- close-packed position
- resting position
Knee Biomechanics and Joint Stability
The knee joint relies on ligaments, capsule, and soft tissues to provide stability and resist compression and shearing forces during flexion and extension.
- Quadriceps mechanism
- Patella stabilization
- Active and passive insufficiency
- Medial and lateral meniscus motion
- Medial collateral ligament
- Lateral collateral ligament
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
- Compression forces
- Shearing forces
- Patellofemoral joint forces
Ankle and Foot Biomechanics
This content examines pronation and supination motions, midtarsal joint mechanics, and kinetic chain effects involving the talus, calcaneus, and lower limb.
- Pronation
- Supination
- Subtalar joint
- Midtarsal joint
- Longitudinal arch
- Open chain motions
- Closed chain motions
- Talonavicular joint
- Calcaneocuboid joint
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Peroneal muscles
- Kinetic chain effects
Anatomy and Mechanics of the Hip and Knee
Anatomy of Tibia, Fibula, and Lower Limb
This text describes the tibial tuberosity, patellar ligament, intercondylar eminence, and the articulation of the fibula with the tibia.
- tibial tuberosity
- infrapatellar bursa
- patellar ligament
- pes anserinus
- quadriceps femoris
- extensor hallucis longus
- sartorius
- intercondylar eminence
- posterior cruciate ligament
- interosseous membrane
- semimembranosus
- Gastrocnemius
- popliteus
- tibialis posterior
- flexor digitorum longus
- psoas
- fibular head
Ankle, Subtalar Joint, and Foot Biomechanics
Ankle Biomechanics and Talocrural Joint Kinesiology
This content examines ankle biomechanics, fibular motions, and the kinematics of the talocrural joint during dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
- Normal stance ankle support
- Proximal tibiofibular joint motion
- Fibular abduction and rotation
- Talocrural joint eversion restriction
- Ankle motion axis
- Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion kinematics
- Open chain talus roll and glide
- Closed chain tibia movement
- Soleus postural stabilization
Subtalar Joint Anatomy and Biomechanics
This content illustrates human anatomy and orthopedic biomechanics regarding the subtalar joint, including movement along a single axis and the transfer of forces along the kinetic chain.
- subtalar joint
- tarsal and metatarsal joints
- kinetic chain
- calcaneus
- talus
- proprioceptive rapid-response center
- inversion
- pronation
- supination
- weight-bearing motion
- subtalar joint kinematics
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Foot
This text examines the tarsals, metatarsals, and digits, including tarsometatarsal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints.
- tarsometatarsal joints
- First metatarsal
- second metatarsal
- metatarsophalangeal joints
- interphalangeal joints
- dorsiflexion
- plantarflexion
- inversion
- supination
- pronation
- close-packed position
Foot Arches and Biomechanics
The arches of the foot assist in flexibility, absorbing forces during weight bearing and motion, and providing rigidity for propulsion.
- foot arches
- longitudinal arches
- transverse arch
- weight bearing
- windlass mechanism
- metatarsophalangeal joints
- aponeuroses
- musculoskeletal function
- tibialis posterior
- peroneus longus
- flexor digitorum brevis
- quadratus plantae
- flexor hallucis longus
- abductor digiti minimi
Postural Abnormalities and Biomechanical Implications
Postural Abnormalities and Biomechanics
Long-term postural abnormalities cause changes to muscular and bony structures, affecting interdiscal pressures and seat interface pressures across various sitting and lying positions.
- Postural abnormalities
- Swayback/Hyperlordosis
- Forward head posture
- Knee hyperextension
- Pes cavus
- Postural control
- Pregnancy postural adjustments
- Line of gravity
- Active erect sitting
- Slumping and slouching
- Flexion relaxation phenomenon
- Interdiscal pressures
- Seat interface pressures
- Supine, prone, and side-lying positions
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Anatomy and Pathology of the Knee Joint
Anatomy of Knee Ligaments and Joints
This document details the ligaments, tendons, and synovial structures of the knee joint including the patella, menisci, and cruciate ligaments.
- Patellar ligament
- Quadriceps tendon
- Suprapatellar bursa
- Synovial membrane
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
- Medial collateral ligament
- Fibular collateral ligament
- Tibial meniscus
- Lateral meniscus
- Oblique popliteal ligament
- Arcuate popliteal ligament
- Patellar dysplasia
- Trochlear dysplasia
- Iliotibial band syndrome
Clinical Kinesiology of the Hip and Knee
Clinical Kinesiology of Hip and Knee
This content examines the anatomy and clinical kinesiology of the hip and knee joints, including orthopedic conditions, angles of inclination, and torsion.
- Anatomy of the hip joint
- Angle of inclination
- Coxa vara
- Angle of torsion
- Femoral anteversion
- Femoral retroversion
- Hip dysplasia
- Subluxation
- Dislocation
- Galeazzi test
- Avascular necrosis
- Hip osteoarthritis
- Trochanteric bursitis
- Q angle
- Trendelenburg gait
- Genu recurvatum
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