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Inflammation Pathways and Pharmacological Interventions Study Guide

This guide covers the clinical pathways of wound healing, including primary, secondary, and tertiary intentions. It details local and systemic factors that can delay healing, such as infection, necrotic tissue, perfusion issues, and nutritional deficiencies. The guide also explains how to distinguish between inflammation and infection, outlines common wound complications like hemorrhage and dehiscence, and provides essential nursing management and assessment techniques, including wound bed and e

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Fundamentals of Pharmacology and Drug Administration

Fundamentals of Pharmacology and Drug Regulation

An overview of pharmacology, drug classification, the Canadian regulatory approval process, and nursing considerations for medication administration.

  • Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology
  • Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
  • Drug Regulation in Canada
  • Clinical Trial Phases
  • Health Canada Approval Process
  • Controlled Drugs and Substances Act Schedules
  • Pharmacological and Therapeutic Classification
  • Generic vs Brand Names
  • Bioavailability
  • Mechanism of Action (MOA)
  • Adverse Effects and Anaphylaxis
  • Ten Rights of Drug Administration
  • Medication Administration Abbreviations

Nervous System Function, Stress Response, and Cellular Adaptation

Nervous System Function and Cellular Adaptation

This content explores the functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the physiological responses to stress, and mechanisms of cellular adaptation and growth.

  • Central nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Homeostasis
  • Stress response phases
  • Cortisol
  • Limbic system
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Cholinergic receptors
  • Adrenergic receptors

Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Neoplasia

Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Neoplasia

This content explains cellular adaptation, reversible and irreversible injury, apoptosis, necrosis, and the characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms including carcinogenesis and treatment toxicities.

  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Reversible injury
  • Irreversible injury
  • Apoptosis
  • Necrosis
  • Benign neoplasms
  • Malignant neoplasms
  • Carcinogenesis
  • Invasion
  • Staging
  • Grading
  • Antineoplastic therapy
  • Alkylating agents
  • Antimetabolites
  • Antitumor antibiotics
  • Mitotic inhibitors

Immune System, Inflammation, and Immunity

Immune System and Inflammation Mechanisms

The body's ability to recognize and defend against foreign invaders through innate and adaptive immunity, including the processes of inflammation and cellular responses.

  • Immunity
  • Innate Immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Inflammation
  • Acute Inflammation
  • Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
  • Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
  • Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
  • Phagocytosis
  • Chemotaxis
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Monocytes
  • Mast cells
  • NK cells
  • Complement proteins
  • Opsonization
  • Humoral immunity
  • Cell mediated immunity
  • B cells

Signs and Mediators of Inflammation

The bedside signs of inflammation reflect underlying vascular and chemical changes including mediators of acute phase response and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

  • vasodilation
  • increased vascular permeability
  • prostaglandins
  • histamine
  • leukotrienes
  • neutrophils
  • cytokines
  • TNF-𝛼
  • acute-phase proteins
  • fibrinogen
  • C-reactive protein
  • fever
  • leukocytosis
  • left shift
  • band neutrophils
  • systemic inflammatory response syndrome
  • sepsis
  • circulatory shock

Pharmacology of Immunosuppressants, Cytotoxics, and Anti-inflammatories

Pharmacology Drug List and Mechanisms

A list of drugs including cytotoxic agents, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunostimulants detailing their mechanisms of action, indications, and major toxicities.

  • Cytotoxic agents
  • Antimetabolites
  • Mitotic inhibitors
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulators
  • NSAIDs
  • COX inhibitors
  • Corticosteroids
  • Adrenergic receptor activation
  • Antihistamines
  • Immunostimulants
  • Immunosuppressants
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Target biologics
  • Myelosuppression
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Cardiotoxicity
  • Peripheral neuropathy

Inflammation Mechanisms and Pharmacological Interventions

Inflammation Pathways and Pharmacological Interventions

This content discusses acute and chronic inflammation, the arachidonic acid pathway, and medications including NSAIDs, acetaminophen, and corticosteroids.

  • Acute inflammation
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Granulomas
  • Arachidonic acid pathway
  • COX1 and COX2 enzymes
  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
  • Non-selective NSAIDs
  • Selective COX inhibitors
  • Aspirin and Reye syndrome
  • Acetaminophen and hepatotoxicity
  • Corticosteroids
  • Adrenal suppression
  • Cushing's syndrome

Principles of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Administration

Pharmacokinetics and Membrane Transport Principles

Principles of pharmacokinetics including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion through membrane transport and physiological barriers.

  • Passive diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport
  • First pass effect
  • Bioavailability
  • Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  • Fetal-placental barrier (FPB)
  • Plasma-binding proteins (PPBs)
  • Phase I and Phase II metabolism
  • Fick's principle

Pharmacological Routes and Oral Absorption

This topic examines various medication administration routes, including enteral, parenteral, and topical methods, alongside the physiological processes of oral drug absorption and first pass metabolism.

  • Intramuscular administration
  • Intravenous administration
  • Enteral administration
  • Sublingual and Buccal absorption
  • First pass metabolism
  • Bioavailability
  • Gastric emptying and transit time
  • Ionization and pH
  • Enteric-coated and Sustained release drugs

Tissue Repair, Wound Healing, and Management

Tissue Repair and Inflammation Outcomes

This content explores the differences between disorder, condition, and illness, alongside the four phases of healing and outcomes of inflammation.

  • Disorder vs Condition vs Illness
  • Inflammation outcomes
  • Resolution
  • Regeneration
  • Scar formation (fibrosis)
  • Phases of healing
  • Hemostasis
  • Inflammatory phase
  • Proliferation
  • Angiogenesis
  • Fibroblasts
  • Granulation tissue
  • Remodeling/Maturation

Factors and Management of Wound Healing

Clinical strategies for wound healing intentions, local and systemic factors delaying repair, infection indicators, and nursing management of wound complications.

  • Primary intention
  • Secondary intention
  • Tertiary intention
  • Local factors of wound healing
  • Systemic factors of wound healing
  • Perfusion and oxygenation
  • Metabolism and nutrition
  • Immune system and medications
  • Inflammation findings
  • Infection indicators
  • Wound complications
  • Hemorrhage
  • Hematoma
  • Dehiscence
  • Evisceration
  • Wound assessment
  • Exudate types

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Principles

Pharmacokinetics: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

This topic covers the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that determine drug plasma concentrations and therapeutic effects.

  • Absorption factors
  • Volume of distribution (Vd)
  • Biotransformation
  • Cytochrome P450 enzymes
  • Renal excretion
  • Elimination kinetics
  • Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
  • Enterohepatic recirculation
  • Therapeutic drug range

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Fundamentals

This content explores pharmacokinetics involving drug movement through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, alongside pharmacodynamics regarding drug-receptor interactions and physiological responses.

  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Half-life
  • Therapeutic index
  • Agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Drug-receptor interactions
  • Toxicity
  • Loading dose
  • Potency vs Efficacy

Immune Responses, Hypersensitivity, and Inflammatory Diseases

Hypersensitivity Reactions and Histamine Mediators

Explanations of hypersensitivity reaction types, anaphylaxis management with epinephrine, and the physiological effects of histamine receptors.

  • Exudate colours and indications
  • Type I hypersensitivity
  • Type II hypersensitivity
  • Type III hypersensitivity
  • Type IV hypersensitivity
  • Sensitization
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Epinephrine mechanism of action
  • H1 receptors
  • H2 receptors
  • First-generation antihistamines
  • Second-generation antihistamines

Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases

This content explores autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, and immune-mediated conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

  • Autoimmune disease
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Immune-mediated disease
  • Immunostimulants
  • Immunosuppressants
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Atopic dermatitis
  • Psoriasis
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Ulcerative colitis
  • Crohn's disease
  • Innate immunity
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Tissue repair phases

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