Histology and Cellular Biology Study Guide
Explore the fundamental principles of histology, including the four primary tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous), their classifications, and their roles in maintaining bodily functions. Understand cellular adaptations and responses to injury, and the mechanisms of homeostasis.
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Foundations of Pathophysiology and Cellular Mechanisms
Foundations of Pathophysiology From Cells to Disease
This lecture defines key pathophysiology terminology and explains how disruption of homeostasis and alterations in cellular structure or function contribute to disease.
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Pathophysiology
- Homeostasis
- Idiopathic
- Iatrogenic
- Aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism
- ATP production
- Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
- Cellular adaptation
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Apoptosis
- Necrosis
- Structural disorder
- Functional disorder
Foundations of Pathophysiology: From Cells to Disease
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Integumentary Structure and Pathophysiology
Integumentary Pathophysiology and Skin Structure
This lecture covers integumentary system structure, major skin functions, and the pathophysiologic mechanisms of selected integumentary disorders.
- Epidermis layers
- Dermis layers
- Hypodermis
- Keratinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Langerhans cells
- Merkel cells
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Fibroblasts
- Thermoregulation
- Vitamin D synthesis
- Skin protection
- Homeostasis
- Seborrheic dermatitis
- Psoriasis
- Allergic contact dermatitis
- Atopic dermatitis
- Urticaria
- Erysipelas
Inflammation and Wound Repair Mechanisms
Inflammation and Wound Repair Mechanisms
This lecture explains the vascular and cellular mechanisms of inflammation, the roles of various white blood cells, and the overlapping phases of tissue repair.
- cardinal signs of inflammation
- acute inflammation
- chronic inflammation
- hemostasis
- coagulation pathways
- granulocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- mast cells
- basophils
- agranulocytes
- monocytes
- macrophages
- lymphocytes
- dendritic cells
- phases of tissue repair
- proliferation
- remodeling
Cell Structure, Membrane Transport, and Metabolism
Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Membrane Transport
Typical eukaryotic cell structures and functions including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and cell membrane regulate metabolism and membrane transport.
- Eukaryotic cell structure
- Nucleus function
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Mitochondria
- Cytoskeleton
- Cell membrane
- Passive membrane transport
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Hypotonic solution
- Isotonic solution
- Hypertonic solution
- Active membrane transport
Cellular Metabolism and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Cellular processes including glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain are discussed alongside the metabolic consequences of thiamine deficiency.
- Anaerobic metabolism
- Aerobic metabolism
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- ATP production
- Thiamine deficiency
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- Fermentation
Anatomy and Function of Integumentary Structures
Integumentary System Anatomy and Homeostasis
This lecture covers the anatomy of nails, hair, and glands, including the mechanisms of skin homeostasis and thermoregulation.
- Nail plate
- Nail matrix
- Nail folds
- Paronychium
- Hair follicles
- Hair shaft
- Melanocytes
- Sebaceous glands
- Sudoriferous glands
- Eccrine sweat glands
- Apocrine sweat glands
- Sebum
- Pilosebaceous unit
- Thermoregulation
- Hypothalamus
- Cutaneous vasodilation
- Cutaneous vasoconstriction
- Evaporative cooling
Mechanisms of Hemostasis and Coagulation
Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation Mechanisms
This lecture covers the sequential stages of hemostasis including vasoconstriction, primary hemostasis through platelet plug formation, and secondary hemostasis via the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis.
- Vasoconstriction
- Primary hemostasis
- Platelet plug formation
- Von Willebrand factor
- Secondary hemostasis
- Fibrin clot formation
- Intrinsic pathway
- Extrinsic pathway
- Coagulation cascade
- Tissue factor
- Calcium
- Fibrinogen
- Prothrombin
- Antithrombin
- Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor
- Plasminogen
- Tissue plasminogen activator
- Fibrinolysis
Histology and Cellular Responses to Stress
Foundations of Histology and Tissue Types
Histology is the study of tissues including epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissues.
- Histology
- Epithelial tissues
- Connective tissues
- Nervous tissues
- Muscle tissues
- Simple squamous
- Simple cuboidal
- Simple columnar
- Stratified squamous
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
- Endocrine glands
- Exocrine glands
- Extracellular matrix
- Dense regular connective tissue
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Adipose tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
- Neurons
Foundations of Histology and Tissue Types
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Foundations of Cell Injury and Adaptation
Cell injury occurs due to hypoxia, physical agents, chemical agents, infectious agents, immune mediated injury, or genetic abnormalities, leading to cell adaptations such as atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
- Cell injury
- Hypoxia
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- ATP
- Cell adaptations
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
Foundations of Reversible and Irreversible Cell Injury
This lecture covers reversible cell injury patterns like cellular swelling and steatosis, irreversible cell injury, and the differences between apoptosis and necrosis.
- Reversible cell injury
- Cellular swelling
- Irreversible cell injury
- Apoptosis
- Necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Fat necrosis
Pathophysiology of Common Dermatological Disorders
Pathophysiology of Integumentary Disorders
This lecture covers various dermatological pathologies including acne, psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, skin cancer, and bacterial infections.
- Acne pathogenesis
- Psoriasis immune dysregulation
- Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
- Allergic contact dermatitis sensitization
- Atopic dermatitis epidermal barrier defect
- Filaggrin deficiency
- Skin cancer types (SCC, BCC, Malignant Melanoma)
- p53 protein cell cycle regulation
- Bullous pemphigoid autoimmune mechanism
- Erythema nodosum panniculitis
- Bacterial skin infections (Erysipelas, Cellulitis, Abscess)
- Urticaria mast cell degranulation
Stages and Complications of Wound Healing
Inflammation and Wound Repair Processes
This content details the cellular and vascular responses during inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling phases of wound healing and associated complications.
- Vascular response
- Mast cells
- Histamine
- Vasodilation
- Neutrophils
- Phagocytosis
- Macrophages
- Granulation
- Fibroblasts
- Angiogenesis
- VEGF
- Wound contraction
- Myofibroblasts
- Re-epithelialization
- Keratinocytes
- Remodeling
- Matrix metalloproteinases
- Collagen
- Keloids
- Adhesions
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