Guide to Prenatal Development Stages and Milestones Study Guide
This guide outlines the critical phases of prenatal development, including the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages. It covers key biological processes such as conception, implantation, organogenesis, and the development of vital structures like the placenta and neural tube. The guide also discusses important fetal milestones, environmental factors like teratogens, and the significance of viability and surfactant production.
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Prenatal Development and Infant Growth
Infant Physical and Cognitive Development
This material covers physical changes, brain and nervous system development, reflexes, behavioural states, and health promotion for infants.
- Physical changes in infancy
- Brain and nervous system development
- Synaptogenesis
- Synaptic pruning
- Neuroplasticity
- Myelinization
- Reticular formation
- APGAR scale
- Adaptive reflexes
- Primitive reflexes
- Rooting reflex
- Babinski reflex
- Moro reflex
- Infant crying patterns
- Colic
- Nutrition and breastfeeding
- Immunizations
- Respiratory illness
- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Milestones of Prenatal Development
The process of prenatal development transforms a zygote into a newborn through the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.
- Conception
- Germinal stage
- Blastocyst
- Implantation
- Placenta
- Umbilical cord
- Embryonic stage
- Organogenesis
- Neural tube
- Fetal stage
- Viability
- Surfactant
- Lanugo
- Vernix
Milestones of Prenatal Development: From Zygote to Newborn
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Prenatal Development and Maternal Experience
This topic covers the stages of pregnancy trimesters, prenatal care, the impact of teratogens, and low birth weight outcomes.
- First Trimester
- Second Trimester
- Third Trimester
- Prenatal care
- Gestational diabetes
- Toxemia of pregnancy
- Teratogens
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
- Prenatal substance exposure
- Low birth weight
- Preterm birth
Infant Sensory Skills and Development
Newborns and young infants possess sensory capacity involving vision, hearing, smelling, tasting, touch, and motion.
- Visual acuity
- Synaptogenesis
- Pruning
- Myelination
- Auditory acuity
- Smelling and tasting
- Touch and motion
- Light-dark contrast
- Pattern recognition
- Face preference
- Reciprocal eye gaze
- Speech sound discrimination
- Melody patterns
- Abusive Head Trauma
Foundations and Early Childhood Development
Foundations of Human and Child Development
This content explores the domains of development, historical philosophical perspectives, and the interactionist model of nature and nurture.
- Physical Domain
- Cognitive Domain
- Social Domain
- Prenatal period
- Infant
- Toddler
- Cephalocaudle trend
- Proximodistal trend
- Developmental psychology
- Philosophical roots
- Lifespan perspective
- Plasticity
- Interactionist model
- Nature-nurture controversy
- Vulnerability and resilience
Foundations of Human and Child Development
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Child Development Prenatal to 2.5 Years
This content covers defining periods of development, domains of development, and principles of development.
- Prenatal period
- Infant
- Toddler
- Physical Domain
- Cognitive Domain
- Social Domain
- Biosocial
- Psychosocial
- E.L.E.C.T. Continuum of Child Development
- Fine Motor
- Gross motor
- Body balance
- Coordination
- Self-help
- Memory
- Language
- Self-regulation
- Perception
- Problem solving
- Creative thinking & expression
Theories of Lifespan Development
Influential families of theories explain development through biological and evolutionary theories, psychological theories, and systems theory.
- Biological and evolutionary theories
- Psychological theories
- Systems theory
- Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory
- Macrosystem
- Exosystem
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Individual context
- Ecobiodevelopmental Theory
Piaget's Theory and Infant Cognitive Development
This content explores Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, substages of development, object permanence, imitation, and theories regarding learning, conditioning, and memory in infants.
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions
- Mental representation
- Substages of Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
- Object permanence
- Imitation
- Deferred imitation
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Observational learning
- Memory
Language Development in the First Two Years
Language development in the first two years involves age milestones, infant-directed speech, and influences on language acquisition.
- Language development milestones
- Cooing
- Phonemes
- Receptive vocabulary
- Expressive language
- Holophrases
- Naming explosion
- Telegraphic speech
- Infant-directed speech
- Conversational turn-taking
- Bilingualism
- Critical period for language acquisition
Physical Changes and Motor Development
Physical changes and developing body systems including bones and motor skills occur during the first two years of life.
- Physical changes
- Ossification
- Locomotor skills
- Nonlocomotor skills
- Manipulative skills
- Motor development milestones
- Bone density
- Infancy growth
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