Guide to Pediatric Health Promotion and Nutrition Study Guide

Assessment and Management of Neurological Conditions

Assessment of cerebral function, brain functions, and management of increased intracranial pressure and seizure disorders in children.

• Cerebral function assessment
• States of consciousness
• Intracranial pressure
• Seizure disorders
• Head injury
• Concussion
• Frontal lobe functions
• Temporal lobe functions
• Brain stem functions
• Parietal lobe functions
• Occipital lobe functions
• Cerebellum functions
• Developmental milestones
• Physical examination of neurological status
• Cerebrospinal fluid

Neurological Assessment and Increased Intracranial Pressure

Clinical manifestations of increased intracranial pressure, levels of consciousness, and neurological examination techniques for infants and children.

• Increased Intracranial Pressure (IICP)
• Levels of Consciousness
• Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
• Neurological Examination
• Pupil size and reactivity
• Motor function and posturing
• Reflexes
• Special Diagnostic Procedures
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Lumbar puncture
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Neurological Conditions and Seizure Management

This content discusses seizures, epilepsy, pathophysiology, classifications, manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, therapeutic management, and nursing care.

• Seizure etiology
• Epilepsy classification
• Focal and generalized seizures
• Pathophysiology of neuronal discharges
• Ictal, prodrome, and postictal phases
• Diagnostic evaluation including EEG
• Antiepileptic medications
• Ketogenic diet
• Vagus nerve stimulation
• Surgical therapies
• Status epilepticus
• Nursing care and seizure safety
• Pediatric seizure triggers

Management of Fever and Febrile Seizures

This content covers fever pathophysiology, stages of fever, and the management of febrile seizures in pediatric patients.

• Fever pathophysiology
• Hyperpyrexia
• Hyperthermia
• Fever stages
• Prodromal stage
• Chill stage
• Flush stage
• Defervescence
• Febrile seizures
• Seizure precautions
• Antipyretics
• Benzodiazepine administration
• Pediatric fever management

Pediatric Head Injury and Seizure Management

This content examines pathological processes of head injury, concussion management, and seizure characteristics in pediatric patients.

• Head injury
• Primary head injury
• Skull fracture
• Intracranial hematoma
• Diffuse axonal injury
• Concussion
• Red flag symptoms
• PECARN algorithm
• CATCH 2 rule
• 5-P risk score
• Persistent post concussion symptoms
• Seizures
• Febrile seizures
• Benzodiazepines
• Neurological assessment

Pediatric Neurological and Cranial Nerve Assessment

Examination of neurological function including cerebellar function, deep tendon reflexes, and assessment of the twelve cranial nerves.

• Neurological Assessment
• Deep tendon reflexes
• Cranial nerves

Pediatric Communication and Play Strategies

Identify communication strategies and guidelines for communicating with children across developmental stages, caregivers, and families while describing the role of play in growth and development.

• Pediatric communication strategies
• Developmental stages of children
• Communicating with caregivers and families
• Role of play in growth and development
• Infant developmental considerations
• Toddler developmental considerations
• Preschool developmental considerations
• School age developmental considerations
• Adolescent developmental considerations
• Impacts of hospitalization on children
• Language considerations for pediatric patients
• Blocks to communication
• Creative communication techniques
• Third-person techniques
• Storytelling and therapeutic books
• What if questions

Communication and Play in Children

Children use play to learn about their world, practice communicating, and achieve satisfactory relationships while healthcare professionals use play as an assessment tool.

• Creative communication techniques
• Directed play
• Spontaneous play
• Social-affective play
• Sense-pleasure play
• Skill play
• Unoccupied behaviour
• Dramatic or pretend play
• Onlooker play
• Solitary play
• Parallel play
• Associative play
• Cooperative play
• Sensorimotor development
• Intellectual development
• Socialization
• Therapeutic value
• Medical play
• Developmentally appropriate toys

• Communication and Play in Children

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Pediatric Sleep, Rest and Physical Activity

Children require high levels of physical activity, low levels of sedentary activity, and sufficient sleep each day for physical development.

• Physical activity benefits
• Sedentary activity limits
• Recommended activity levels by age
• Sleep needs by age
• Sleep management for infants and toddlers
• Safe sleep to reduce SIDS risk
• Adolescent physical activity requirements

Foundations of Growth and Development

This content discusses growth, development, and maturation through various developmental age periods, biological determinants, and physiological changes.

• Growth
• Development
• Maturation
• Differentiation
• Prenatal Period
• Infancy Period
• Early Childhood
• Middle Childhood
• Later Childhood
• Cephalocaudal trend
• Proximodistal trend
• Skeletal growth
• Neurological maturation
• Lymphoid tissues
• Basal metabolic rate
• Thermoregulation
• Temperament

Growth, Development, Personality, and Cognitive Function

• Temperament patterns
• Trust vs Mistrust
• Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
• Initiative vs Guilt
• Industry vs Inferiority
• Identity vs Role Confusion
• Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
• Sensorimotor stage
• Pre-operational thought
• Concrete operational
• Formal operations
• Object permanence
• Egocentric thinking
• Transductive reasoning
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive and abstract reasoning

Growth and Development Milestones

Factors influencing development and key milestones across infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, school age, and adolescence.

• Language development
• Physical milestones
• Gross motor milestones
• Fine motor milestones
• Sensory milestones
• Cognitive development

Pediatric Health Assessment and History Taking

This overview covers components of a complete health history, developmental assessment tools, physical examination sequences, and pain assessment and management strategies for infants and children.

• Health history components
• Nutritional assessment
• Developmental assessment tools
• Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)
• WHO Growth Charts for Canada
• Pain assessment tools
• Pain management strategies
• Growth and development milestones
• Family assessment interview

Pediatric Physical Assessment Approaches

Systematic approaches to examining children using developmental and chronological age to minimize stress and maximize accuracy of assessment findings.

• Pediatric physical examination sequence
• Developmental age assessment criteria
• Infant examination positioning and preparation
• Toddler examination techniques
• Preschooler assessment strategies
• School-age child examination considerations
• Adolescent privacy and assessment
• Minimizing assessment stress and anxiety
• Auscultation sequence
• Traumatic procedures management

Pediatric Assessment and Vital Signs

Guidelines for pediatric growth measurements, vital signs, and physical assessment of infants and children.

• Growth measurements
• Recumbent length
• Height measurement
• Weight measurement
• Head circumference
• Chest circumference
• Vital signs
• Temperature measurement techniques
• Pulse rate
• Apical pulse
• Tachycardia
• Respiratory rate
• Blood pressure
• Cuff size selection
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Physical appearance assessment
• Skin assessment
• Lymph node palpation
• Fontanel closure

Pediatric Physical Assessment Techniques

This content details the assessment of nose, mouth, throat, chest, lungs, heart, abdomen, genitalia, anus, back, and extremities in pediatric patients.

• Nose, mouth, and throat assessment
• Chest and lung auscultation
• Respiratory movement and adventitious sounds
• Heart rate, rhythm, and auscultation sequence
• Abdominal inspection, auscultation, and palpation
• Genitalia and anus assessment
• Spine and extremity examination

Pediatric Pain Assessment and Intervention

An overview of pediatric pain assessment tools, factors affecting coping, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological management strategies.

• Pain assessment tools
• Self-report measures
• FLACC scale
• Visual analogue scales
• Faces Pain Scale
• Pediatric Pain Questionnaire
• Behavioral measures
• COMFORT Scale
• Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)
• Factors affecting coping
• Pain management strategies
• Pharmacological management
• Nonopioid pain management

Pediatric Assessment and Pain Management

Strategies for preparing children for painful procedures, implementing distraction techniques, and performing comprehensive physical assessments.

• Preparing for painful procedures
• Procedural distraction techniques
• Developmentally appropriate explanations
• Parental involvement
• Health history objectives
• Growth assessment
• General appearance assessment
• Pain management

Pediatric Dental Health Promotion

Guidelines for dental hygiene, fluoride use, and prevention of early childhood caries in infants and children.

• Dental hygiene
• Use of fluoride
• Dietary factors

Pediatric Health Promotion and Nutrition

A proactive approach to enabling children to increase control over their health through nutrition recommendations, anticipatory guidance, and obesity prevention. This includes understanding health promotion processes, nutrition across the lifespan, infant feeding practices, dietary guidelines, and nutritional requirements for different age groups, as well as safety promotion and injury prevention.

• Health promotion process
• Nutrition across the lifespan
• Infant breastfeeding and vitamin D supplementation
• Canada’s Food Guide
• Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and vitamin D
• Physiological anorexia in toddlers
• Nutritional requirements for school-age and adolescents
• Vegetarian diet types
• Safety promotion and injury prevention
• Child maltreatment

• Pediatric Health Promotion and Nutrition

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Childhood Obesity Etiology and Management

Childhood obesity involves increased incidence across all ages resulting from caloric intake exceeding caloric requirements and expenditure. This topic covers BMI percentiles, etiology, pathophysiology, sedentary lifestyle, genetic influence, social determinants of health, emotional eating, and the interplay of biological, behavioral, social, psychological, environmental, economic, and cultural factors. It also details health consequences such as cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, muscu

• BMI percentiles
• Etiology and pathophysiology
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Genetic influence
• Social determinants of health
• Emotional eating
• Biological, behavioural, social, psychological, environmental, economic, and cultural factors
• Cardiovascular disease
• Insulin resistance
• Musculoskeletal disorders
• Psychological and psychiatric problems
• Nutritional counselling
• Behavioural therapy
• Lifestyle modifications

• Childhood Obesity: Causes, Consequences, and Management

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Pediatric Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention

Unintentional injuries are a major cause of death, disability, and hospitalization for Canadian children, but most causes of injury are preventable through identifying risk factors and developmental impacts.

• Accident vs injury terminology
• SAFE PAD acronym
• Age-specific injury risks
• Infant injury prevention
• Toddler and preschooler developmental risks
• School-age pedestrian safety
• Adolescent motor vehicle accidents
• Risk factors for injuries
• Passive and active prevention approaches
• Role of nurse in injury prevention

Pediatric Child Maltreatment and Nursing Care

This topic covers the definition, types, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of child maltreatment, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as nursing responsibilities for assessment and reporting.

• Child maltreatment definition
• Physical abuse
• Emotional abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Munchausen syndrome by proxy
• Abusive head trauma
• Predisposing factors for maltreatment
• Clinical manifestations of abuse
• Medical assessment of bruising
• Nursing roles and legal responsibilities
• Reporting suspected abuse
• Injury prevention strategies

Indigenous and Child and Family Health

Nurses can support families through EDI initiatives, addressing Indigenous child health inequities, determinants of health, and the impacts of colonial policies.

• Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI)
• Indigenous Child Health
• Colonialism and Decolonization
• Indigenization
• Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Being
• Indian Act impacts
• Indigenous Child First Initiative
• Indigenous Determinants of Health
• Cultural Safety and Humility
• Intersectoral Interventions
• Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
• Gender and Transgender Identities

Equity Diversity Inclusion and Patient Needs

This content explores equity, diversity, inclusion, privilege, bias, and intersectionality in relation to the needs of patients and families.

• Equity
• Diversity
• Inclusion
• Privilege
• Bias
• Intersectionality

EDI and Gender Identity Concepts

This content explores EDI strategies, safe spaces, gender-inclusive language, and the distinctions between sex, gender identity, gender expression, and sexual orientation.

• EDI strategy
• Safe spaces
• Gender identity
• Gender expression
• Sexual orientation

Pediatric Nursing and Canadian Child Health

This content examines child and youth health in Canada, including mortality, morbidity, and the role of pediatric nurses in family-centered care and health promotion.

• Family-centered care
• Health promotion
• Child poverty
• Mental health
• Physical health

Primary Health Care and Child Well-Being

A multi-level framework exploring primary health care principles, metaparadigm concepts, social determinants of health, and factors influencing child well-being.

• Primary Health Care principles
• Social Determinants of Health
• Child well-being
• Public policy
• Economic conditions

Threats to Healthy Canadian Children

Threats to a healthy childhood in Canada include childhood mortality, morbidity, and various interconnected factors impacting children and youth.

• Childhood mortality
• Childhood morbidity
• Unintentional preventable injuries
• Mental health
• Poverty
• Limited physical activity

Canadian Pediatric Nursing Standards

The Canadian Pediatric Nursing Standards include five practice domains to ensure equitable access to high quality pediatric nursing care for children, youth, and families.

• Family-centered care
• Health education
• Cultural competency
• Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

Family Centered Care and Atraumatic Care

An approach to the planning, delivery, and evaluation of health care grounded in mutually beneficial partnerships among health care providers, patients, and families.

• Family Centered Care
• Dignity and Respect
• Information Sharing
• Participation
• Collaboration
• Atraumatic Care

Pediatric Nursing Roles and Family Advocacy

Pediatric nurses provide family advocacy, disease prevention, health promotion, and health teaching to support children and families.

• Family advocacy
• Disease prevention
• Health promotion
• Health teaching
• Anticipatory guidance