Guide to Animal Embryonic Development Study Guide
Understanding Comb Jellies (Ctenophora)
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Animal Characteristics, Diversification, and Early Evolution
Introduction to Protostome Animals and Bilateria
This topic covers Bilateria characters including bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, coelom, and complete gut, alongside non-bilaterian groups like Porifera, Ctenophora, and Cnidaria.
- Bilateria
- Bilateral Symmetry
- Three tissue layers
- Complete Gut
- Porifera
- Ctenophora
- Cnidaria
- Anthozoa
- Scyphozoa
- Cubozoa
- Hydrozoa
- Diploblastic
- Radial Symmetry
- Gastrula
- Triploblastic
Protostomes and Deuterostomes Embryonic Development
Protostomes and deuterostomes are differentiated via characters in early embryonic development including fate of the blastopore, early cell cleavage patterns, and cell fate determination.
- Protostomes
- Deuterostomes
- Blastopore
- Spiral cleavage
- Radial cleavage
- Determinate cleavage
- Mosaic cleavage
- Indeterminate cleavage
- Regulative cleavage
- Cell fate determination
Protostomes and Deuterostomes: Embryonic Development
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Characteristics of Non-Bilaterian Animals
This topic covers Porifera, Ctenophora, and Cnidaria including diploblastic radial symmetry, cnidocytes, and various body forms.
- Porifera
- Ctenophora
- Cnidaria
- Anthozoa
- Scyphozoa
- Cubozoa
- Hydrozoa
- Bilateria
- Multicellular
- Collagen
- Blastula
- Choanocytes
- Spicules
- Diploblastic
- Radial Symmetry
- Gastrula
- Colloblasts
- Cnidocytes
- Nematocysts
- Medusa body form
Phylogeny and Characteristics of Ctenophora
Ctenophores possess colloblasts, an integrated nervous system, and mesoderm muscles, while their position as the sister group to all other animals remains a central question in evolutionary biology.
- Phylum Ctenophora
- Colloblasts
- Complete gut
- Primitive CNS
- Mesoderm muscles
- HOX Genes
- MicroRNA
- Phylogenetic hypotheses
- Synteny
- Chromosome-scale gene linkage
- Ctenophore-sister hypothesis
- Monophyletic clade
Phylogeny and Characteristics of Ctenophora
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Introduction to Animal Characteristics and Categorization
This topic covers animal characteristics including multicellularity, extracellular matrix of collagen, heterotrophic feeding strategies, and developmental processes like gastrulation.
- Multicellularity
- Extracellular matrix of collagen
- Heterotrophic feeding strategies
- Suspension feeders
- Fluid feeders
- Deposit feeders
- Mass feeders
- Detritivores
- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores
- Diploid and haploid gametes
- Blastula development
- Gastrulation
- Body symmetry
- Asymmetry
- Radial symmetry
- Bilateral symmetry
- Pentaradial symmetry
- Tissue layers
Causes of Animal Diversification
Causes of animal diversification include high oxygen levels, food availability, predation feeding strategies, new niches, and the evolution of a genetic toolkit.
- Cambrian explosion
- Aerobic respiration
- Predation feeding strategy
- Developmental regulatory genes
- Hox genes
- Hox cluster duplication
- Deep/genetic homology
- Homoplasy
Characteristics and Impacts of Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes Characteristics and Diseases
Phylum Platyhelminthes includes flatworms such as hammerhead worms and tapeworms, which can cause diseases like schistosomiasis.
- Platyhelminthes
- Flatworms
- Acoelomates
- Hammerhead worm
- Tetrodotoxin
- Tapeworms
- Parasites
- Schistosomiasis
- Cysticercosis
- Ascariasis
Protostomes, Nematoda, and Arthropoda Diversity
Protostomes and Phylum Nematoda
Protostomes include Ecdysozoans and Lophotrochozoans, featuring phyla such as Nematoda which are pseudocoelomates that may be free-living or parasitic.
- Protostomes
- Ecdysis
- Lophotrochozoans
- Phylum Nematoda
- Pseudocoelomates
- Elephantiasis
- Hook worm
- Pin worm
- Guinea worm
Protostomes and Phylum Nematoda: Embryonic Development to Parasitic Life Cycles
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Phylum Arthropoda and Insect Diversity
This topic explores Phylum Arthropoda synapomorphies, taxonomic class distinctions, and insect features including grasshoppers, locusts, and the New World screw worm.
- Phylum Arthropoda synapomorphies
- Paired, jointed appendages
- Segmented bodies
- Tagma
- Protostomes
- Nematoda
- Ecdysis
- Pseudocoelom
- Insect features
- Insect orders
- Grasshoppers vs. locusts
- New World screw worm
Phylum Arthropoda and Insect Diversity
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