Ecology: Species Strategies and Population Dynamics Study Guide

Ecology and Population Dynamics Terminology

A list of terms including native species, population density, r-selected species, and survivorship curves.

• Native Species
• Population Density
• R-Selected Species
• Specialist Species
• Survivorship Curve

Population Dynamics and Ecological Growth Factors

This document discusses population growth, carrying capacity, survivorship curves, and factors affecting human population dynamics.

• Survivorship curves
• K-selected species
• r-selected species
• Carrying capacity
• Population overshoot
• Resource depletion
• Population growth
• Resource availability
• Density-independent factors
• Density-dependent factors

• Population Dynamics and Ecological Growth Factors

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Demographic Transition and Population Dynamics

The demographic transition refers to the transition from high to lower birth and death rates as a country moves from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic system.

• Demographic transition model
• Biotic Potential
• Carrying Capacity
• K-Selected Species
• Logistic Growth

Economic Terms and Market Concepts

Definitions of legal protections, market failures, and economic externalities.

• Patent
• Copyright
• Government Monopoly
• Market Failure
• Public Good
• Spillover Effects
• Externalities
• Positive Externality
• Negative Externality
• Trusts
• Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

Business and Economic Terms Definitions

Handwritten study notes defining various business and economic terms including stock, stakeholders, and types of mergers.

• Stock
• Stakeholders
• Dividend
• Common stock
• Preferred stock
• Double taxation
• Franchise
• Franchisee
• Royalties
• Horizontal Merger
• Vertical Merger
• Conglomerate
• Multinational
• Non-Profit Organization
• Cooperative or Co-op

Labor and Business Terminology Definitions

Handwritten notes provide definitions for minimum wage, temporary workers, and offshoring.

• minimum wage
• temporary workers
• offshoring

Labor Economics Vocabulary and Definitions

Handwritten notes defining vocabulary terms related to labor economics including fringe benefits, labor types, and dispute resolution processes.

• Fringe benefits
• civilian labor force
• unskilled labor
• semiskilled labor
• skilled labor
• professional labor
• mediation
• arbitration
• injunction
• seizure
• outsourcing
• affirmative action
• Right to work laws
• Wage discrimination
• Wage gap
• glass ceiling

Business Organizations and Labor Relations

Handwritten study notes defining various business and cooperative organizations, labor unions, and collective bargaining processes.

• Producer Cooperative
• Service Cooperative
• Business Associations
• Chamber of Commerce
• Better Business Bureau
• Foundations
• Professional Association
• Trade Association
• Labor Unions
• Collective bargaining
• Strike
• Picket
• Lockout

Generalist vs. Specialist Species

Comparing species with broad niches that tolerate varied conditions to those with narrow, specific habitat requirements.

• Generalist species
• Specialist species
• Niche breadth
• Ecological niche
• Habitat requirements
• Environmental conditions
• Resource utilization
• Adaptability
• Environmental fluctuations
• Vulnerability to change

r-selected vs. K-selected Strategies

Analyzing reproductive strategies: high quantity/low investment (r) versus low quantity/high investment (K).

• r-selected species
• K-selected species
• Reproductive strategies
• Parental investment
• Offspring quantity
• Environmental stability
• Population growth

Biotic Potential

Understanding the maximum reproductive rate of a population under ideal environmental conditions.

• Biotic potential

Invasive Species Dynamics

Why r-selected species often succeed as invasive species and the vulnerability of K-selected species.

Generalist vs. Specialist Species

Comparing species with broad niches that tolerate varied conditions to those with narrow, specific habitat requirements.

• Generalist species
• Specialist species
• Niche breadth

r-selected vs. K-selected Strategies

Analyzing reproductive strategies: high quantity/low investment (r) versus low quantity/high investment (K).

• r-selected species
• K-selected species
• Reproductive strategies
• Parental investment

The Nucleus and Genetic Control

Study of the nuclear envelope, chromatin, and the nucleolus's role in ribosome synthesis and gene expression.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions

Distinguishing between Rough ER protein synthesis and Smooth ER lipid synthesis and detoxification.

• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough ER
• Smooth ER
• Protein synthesis
• Lipid synthesis
• Detoxification

Mitochondria and Bioenergetics

Analyzing the structure of cristae and the conversion of glucose into ATP through cellular respiration.

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

Comparing intracellular digestion via hydrolytic enzymes with oxidative detoxification processes.

Cytoskeletal Dynamics

The structural roles of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules in cell shape and movement.

• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
• Microtubules
• Cell shape
• Cell movement
• Cytoskeleton

Generalist, Specialist, and Reproductive Strategies

Comparison of specialist and generalist species alongside K-selected and r-selected species reproductive strategies and biotic potential.

• Specialist species
• Generalist species
• K-selected species
• r-selected species
• Biotic potential
• Reproductive strategies
• Invasive species

• Generalist, Specialist, and Reproductive Strategies in Ecology

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Facilitated Diffusion

How transport proteins like channels and carriers assist the movement of specific molecules like glucose.

Active Transport Principles

The use of ATP to move substances against concentration gradients via carrier proteins.

• Active transport
• ATP
• Concentration gradient
• Carrier proteins
• Membrane transport

Endocytosis and Phagocytosis

Bulk transport mechanisms for engulfing solids and liquids, including receptor-mediated specificity.

Exocytosis and Secretion

The process of vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane to release products like neurotransmitters.

Exponential vs. Logistic Growth

Distinguishing between J-shaped growth (unlimited resources) and S-shaped growth (approaching carrying capacity).

• Exponential growth
• Logistic growth
• Carrying capacity
• Population dynamics
• Resource limitation
• J-shaped curve
• S-shaped curve

Carrying Capacity and Overshoot

Understanding the maximum sustainable population size and the consequences of exceeding it (overshoot and dieback).

• Carrying capacity
• Overshoot
• Dieback

Limiting Factors

Differentiating between density-dependent factors (disease, competition) and density-independent factors (weather, natural disasters).

Malthusian Theory

Exploring the theory that population growth can outpace food supply, leading to resource shortages.

Understanding Population Survivorship Curves

A survivorship curve is a line that displays the relative survival rates of a cohort in a population from birth to maximum age.

• Survivorship curve
• Cohort
• Relative survival rates
• Type I survivorship curve
• Type II survivorship curve
• Type III survivorship curve

Demographic Metrics

Calculating and understanding birth rates, death rates, infant mortality, and total fertility rate (TFR).

Age Structure Diagrams

Interpreting population pyramids to predict future growth (broad-based vs. narrow-based).

• Age structure diagrams
• Population pyramids
• Population growth prediction
• Demographics

Demographic Transition Model

Tracing the stages of development from pre-industrial (Stage 1) to post-industrial (Stage 4/5) societies.

• Demographic transition model
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
• Infant mortality rates

Population Growth Math

Applying the Rule of 70 to determine population doubling time.

Socio-economic Drivers of Fertility

How female education, urbanization, and family planning impact global birth rates.

Transduction and Cascades

The conversion of signals into cellular responses through protein activation and phosphorylation.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

The regulatory roles of cyclins and CDKs in ensuring accurate DNA replication and division.

• Cell cycle
• Checkpoints
• Cyclins
• CDKs
• DNA replication
• Cell division

Homeostasis and Dysregulation

How cells maintain stability and the consequences of regulation failure, such as cancer.

Epithelial Characteristics

Simple Epithelial Classification

Study of single-layered tissues including squamous, cuboidal, and columnar types and their roles in diffusion and absorption.

• Simple squamous epithelium
• Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Simple columnar epithelium
• Diffusion
• Absorption
• Epithelial tissue

Glandular Epithelium

Distinguishing between endocrine and exocrine glands and their methods of secretion.

Extracellular Matrix Components

The role of ground substance and the three fiber types: collagen, elastic, and reticular.

Connective Tissue Cell Types

Differentiating between 'blast' and 'cyte' cells, adipocytes, and immune cells within the matrix.

• Fibroblasts
• Fibrocytes
• Adipocytes
• Immune cells
• Connective tissue matrix
• Cell types

Loose Connective Tissues

Detailed look at areolar, adipose, and reticular tissues and their roles in insulation and organ support.

Dense Connective Tissues

Comparing regular, irregular, and elastic dense tissues in tendons, ligaments, and the dermis.

Osseous Tissue Structure

The calcified matrix of bone, its vascularity, and its role in mineral storage and hematopoiesis.

Blood as a Tissue

Why blood is classified as a connective tissue and the functions of plasma and formed elements.

• Blood tissue
• Connective tissue
• Plasma
• Formed elements
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Platelets

Embryonic Tissue Origins

Tracing the development of all tissues from the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers.

Cardiac and Smooth Muscle

Comparing involuntary muscle types, intercalated discs, and spindle-shaped cells in hollow organs.

Neuronal Structure

The functional units of nervous tissue: cell bodies, dendrites, and axons.

Neuroglia and Support

The essential roles of supporting cells in protecting and nourishing neurons.

Tissue Injury and Repair

The stages of inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, and the regenerative capacity of different tissues.

Epidermal Cell Specialization

The roles of keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells in skin health and protection.

Dermal Layers and Tissues

Distinguishing between the papillary and reticular layers and their respective connective tissue compositions.

Hypodermis and Subcutaneous Fat

The function of the hypodermis in anchoring skin and providing thermal insulation and shock absorption.

Nail Structure and Function

Understanding the nail plate, matrix, and eponychium in protecting distal extremities.

Sudoriferous Gland Varieties

Comparing eccrine glands for thermoregulation and apocrine glands for scent production.

Sebaceous and Specialized Glands

The role of sebum in skin lubrication and the functions of ceruminous and mammary glands.

Thermoregulation and Blood Flow

The mechanisms of sweating and dermal vasodilation/vasoconstriction in temperature control.

Cutaneous Sensory Reception

The function of Meissner's, Pacinian, and other receptors in detecting touch, pressure, and pain.

Metabolic and Excretory Roles

The synthesis of Vitamin D via UV exposure and the excretion of wastes through sweat.

Factors Influencing Healing

How nutrition, blood supply, and medical conditions like diabetes affect the rate of tissue repair.

Age-Related Skin Changes

Structural changes in the epidermis and dermis that lead to wrinkles, thinning, and reduced protection.

Glandular and Pigmentary Aging

The reduction in sweat/oil production and melanin synthesis as the body ages.

Classification of Bone Shapes

Differentiating between long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones based on their structure and location.

Gross Anatomy of Long Bones

Detailed study of the diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, and the medullary cavity structure.

Compact and Spongy Bone

Comparing the dense outer layer of compact bone with the porous, honeycomb-like structure of cancellous bone.

Bone Marrow Dynamics

The functional differences between red marrow for blood cell production and yellow marrow for fat storage.

Functional Joint Classification

Synovial Joint Anatomy

The essential components of mobile joints: synovial fluid, articular capsules, and reinforcing ligaments.

Types of Synovial Movement

Analyzing hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints and their specific axes of motion.

Sarcomere and Myofibrils

The organization of actin and myosin filaments and the structural role of the Z-line in muscle fibers.

Sliding Filament Theory

The step-by-step mechanism of cross-bridge formation, power strokes, and ATP-driven detachment.

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

How action potentials trigger calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate contraction.

Muscle Fiber Types

Comparing Slow Oxidative (Type I), Fast Oxidative (Type IIa), and Fast Glycolytic (Type IIb) fibers.

Muscle Metabolism Pathways

The roles of direct phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic respiration in ATP production.

Neural Pathways for Movement

Motor Units and Precision

How the size of a motor unit affects the force and precision of muscle recruitment.

Isotonic and Isometric Contractions

Differentiating between concentric, eccentric, and static muscle tension development.

Levers in the Human Body

Analyzing first, second, and third-class levers and their mechanical advantages in musculoskeletal motion.

Newton's Laws and Torque

Applying physics principles like inertia, acceleration, and rotational force (torque) to human movement.

Stability and Balance

Understanding the relationship between the center of mass and the base of support in maintaining posture.

Cerebral Cortex and Lobes

Exploring the functional specialization of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes in the cerebrum.

Cerebellum and Brainstem

Analyzing the roles of the cerebellum in coordination and the brainstem in regulating vital life-sustaining functions.

Diencephalon Functions

The regulatory roles of the thalamus as a relay station and the hypothalamus in maintaining internal homeostasis.

Spinal Cord Architecture

The structure of the spinal cord as a conduit for nerve signals and its role in mediating rapid reflex actions.

Somatic Nervous System

How the somatic system manages voluntary muscle control and transmits sensory data from the periphery to the CNS.

Autonomic Nervous System Overview

The general organization of the ANS in controlling involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

Comparing the 'fight or flight' response of the sympathetic division with the 'rest and digest' state of the parasympathetic division.

Visceral Reflex Arcs

Understanding how the autonomic system maintains homeostasis through involuntary reflex loops.

Action Potential Dynamics

The electrochemical process of ion movement (Na+ and K+) that allows signals to travel along an axon.

Synaptic Transmission

How neurotransmitters like Acetylcholine and Dopamine bridge the gap between neurons to pass signals.

Ascending Sensory Tracts

Tracing pathways like the Spinothalamic tract that carry pain, temperature, and touch to the brain.

Descending Motor Tracts

Analyzing the Corticospinal and other tracts that deliver voluntary and involuntary motor commands to muscles.

Learning and Memory Systems

Differentiating between short-term and long-term memory and the synaptic changes involved in learning.

Language and Communication Centers

Executive Function and Emotion

Consciousness and Awareness

The integrated brain activity required for self-awareness and interaction with the environment.

Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

Differentiate between endocrine glands (internal secretions into the bloodstream) and exocrine glands (external secretions via ducts), understanding their distinct roles and examples.

Hormone Function and Target Cells

Understand how hormones act as chemical messengers, their specificity, and the critical role of target cells possessing specific receptors for hormone action.

Paracrine and Autocrine Secretions

Explore other forms of chemical signaling, including paracrine (affecting nearby cells) and autocrine (affecting the secreting cell) secretions.

Endocrine vs. Nervous System Comparison

Compare and contrast the speed, duration, and mechanism of action between the endocrine system (hormones) and the nervous system (electrical/chemical signals).

Pancreas: Insulin and Glucagon

Pituitary Gland and its Lobes

Study the structure and function of the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes, and their control by the hypothalamus.

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Detail the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary (TSH, ACTH, GH, MSH, Prolactin, FSH, LH) and their target organs and effects.

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Understand the hormones released by the posterior pituitary (ADH, Oxytocin), which are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

Hypothalamus: The Control Center

Examine the hypothalamus's role in regulating the pituitary gland, body temperature, appetite, sleep cycles, and other vital functions.

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland regulation
• Body temperature
• Appetite
• Sleep cycles
• Vital functions

Generalist vs. Specialist Species

Comparison of species with broad niches that tolerate varied conditions to those with narrow, specific habitat requirements.

• Generalist species
• Specialist species
• Niche breadth
• Ecological niche

r/K Selection Theory

Analyzing reproductive strategies: high quantity/low investment (r) versus low quantity/high investment (K).

• r-selected species
• K-selected species
• Reproductive strategies
• Parental investment
• Carrying capacity

Biotic Potential and Population Dynamics

Understanding the maximum reproductive rate of a population under ideal environmental conditions and factors influencing population growth.

• Biotic potential
• Population dynamics
• Environmental resistance
• Invasive species
• Ecological disturbances

Negative Feedback Loops

Understand the principle of negative feedback as the primary mechanism for regulating hormone secretion and maintaining homeostasis.

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis

Analyze the detailed negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland for thyroid hormone regulation.

Hyposecretion and Hypersecretion

Define and differentiate between hyposecretion (too little hormone) and hypersecretion (too much hormone) as the root causes of endocrine disorders.

Disorders of the Adrenal Glands

Study specific conditions like Addison Disease (hyposecretion) and Cushing Syndrome (hypersecretion) and their symptoms.

Diabetes Mellitus: Types and Mechanisms

Understand the causes, mechanisms, and differences between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, focusing on insulin's role.

Pituitary Hormone Imbalances

Examine the consequences of excessive or deficient secretion of anterior and posterior pituitary hormones, such as gigantism, dwarfism, and diabetes insipidus.

Hormone Abuse in Athletics

Discuss the dangers and harmful effects associated with the misuse of anabolic steroids, growth hormone, and EPO for performance enhancement.

• Anabolic steroids
• Growth hormone
• EPO
• Performance enhancement
• Hormone abuse
• Athletics

Urinary System Overview

Understand the primary functions of the urinary system: waste removal, blood water/pH balance, and red blood cell production, identifying its major organs.

Kidney Location and Protection

Study the anatomical position of the kidneys, their protective layers (perirenal fat, renal fascia), and the relative positioning of the right and left kidneys.

Internal Kidney Structure

Examine the gross anatomy of the kidney, distinguishing between the outer cortex, inner medulla, and the renal pyramids where urine production begins.

Urine Collection Pathway

Trace the path of urine from the renal pyramids through the minor and major calyces to the renal pelvis, and then to the ureter.

Renal Blood Flow

Understand the vascular supply to the kidney, following the path of blood from the renal artery through its branches to the nephrons and back out via the renal vein.

Urinary System Structures and Sphincter Control

Study the structures responsible for transporting, storing, and expelling urine, including the roles of the internal and external urethral sphincters.

• Internal urethral sphincter
• External urethral sphincter
• Ureters

Renal Tubule Anatomy

Understand the structure of the renal tubule, including the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop (Loop of Henle), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

Glomerular Filtration

Learn how blood plasma is filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule, forming filtrate, and the role of podocytes in this process.

Tubular Reabsorption

Understand the process by which essential substances like water, ions, and nutrients are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood, primarily in the PCT and Loop of Henle.

Tubular Secretion

Study how additional waste products and ions are actively secreted from the blood into the filtrate in the DCT to fine-tune urine composition and blood pH.

• Tubular secretion
• Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
• Filtrate
• Blood pH
• Waste products
• Ion transport

Normal Urine Composition

Understand the typical makeup of urine, primarily water and solutes like urea, uric acid, and creatinine, and its normal characteristics (pH, color, specific gravity).

Atypical Urine Substances

Identify substances that, when present in urine, may indicate underlying health issues, such as glucose, protein, blood cells, or bile.

Urine Excretion Pathway

Trace the path of urine from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder for storage, and then out of the body via the urethra.

Micturition (Voiding)

Understand the process of emptying the bladder, including the roles of the internal and external urethral sphincters and the concept of incontinence.

Urinalysis as a Diagnostic Tool

Recognize urinalysis as a diagnostic test that can provide insights into overall health by examining urine composition and characteristics.

Digestive System Functions

Understand the four main functions of the digestive system: ingestion, propulsion, digestion/absorption, and egestion (elimination of waste).

Alimentary Canal Components

Identify the organs that form the continuous tube of the alimentary canal: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Accessory Digestive Organs

Recognize the accessory organs that aid digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Layers of the Alimentary Canal

Study the four fundamental layers of the alimentary canal wall: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa, and their general functions.

Role of Teeth in Mechanical Digestion

Understand how incisors, canines, premolars, and molars initiate mechanical digestion through cutting, tearing, crushing, and grinding food.

Structures of the Oral Cavity

Identify key structures in the mouth like the hard and soft palates, uvula, and tongue, and their roles in food manipulation and swallowing.

Deglutition (Swallowing)

Study the two phases of swallowing: the voluntary buccal phase and the involuntary pharyngoesophageal phase, including the roles of the epiglottis and uvula.

Esophageal Peristalsis

Understand how peristalsis, waves of muscular contractions, propels the food bolus down the esophagus to the stomach.

Stomach Anatomy and Regions

Identify the regions of the stomach (cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric) and its sphincters, and understand the function of rugae in allowing stomach expansion.

Mechanical Digestion in the Stomach

Learn how the three muscle layers of the stomach wall churn food through maceration, contributing to mechanical digestion.

Chyme Formation

Define chyme as the soupy mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices produced in the stomach.

Small Intestine Anatomy and Sections

Identify the three sections of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and understand its length and role as the primary site for digestion and absorption.

Maximizing Absorption in the Small Intestine

Understand how villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine for efficient nutrient absorption.

• Microvilli
• Surface area
• Nutrient absorption
• Small intestine

Small Intestine Secretions

Learn about the digestive hormones (secretin, CCK) and intestinal juice secreted by the small intestine to aid digestion and absorption.

• Secretin
• CCK
• Intestinal juice
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Small intestine

Large Intestine Anatomy

Identify the components of the large intestine: cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending), and rectum, and their roles in waste processing.

Large Intestine Functions

Understand the primary functions of the large intestine: water absorption, waste elimination, and housing beneficial bacteria that produce vitamins K and B.

Rectum and Anus Function

Study the roles of the rectum in storing feces and the anal sphincters (internal and external) in controlling defecation.

Liver Functions in Digestion and Metabolism

Understand the liver's critical roles in producing bile for fat digestion, detoxifying blood, storing glycogen, and synthesizing proteins.

Gallbladder Function

Learn how the gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

• Gallbladder
• Bile storage
• Bile concentration
• Liver
• Fat digestion

Pancreas Functions

Study the dual role of the pancreas in secreting digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase) and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid, as well as hormones like insulin and glucagon.

• Pancreas
• Digestive enzymes
• Lipase
• Amylase
• Bicarbonate
• Insulin

Metabolism: Catabolism and Anabolism

Define metabolism as the sum of chemical reactions in the body, distinguishing between catabolism (breakdown, energy release) and anabolism (synthesis, energy requiring).

Required Nutrients Overview

Identify the six essential types of nutrients: macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) and micronutrients (water, vitamins, minerals).

Digestion and Metabolism of Lipids

Learn how lipids are emulsified by bile and broken down by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol, which are then metabolized or stored.

Digestion and Metabolism of Proteins

Understand how proteins are broken down into amino acids by proteases and peptidases, and how amino acids are used for synthesis or energy.

Role of Water and Micronutrients

Recognize the essential roles of water in chemical reactions and homeostasis, and the importance of vitamins and minerals as organic and inorganic nutrients.

• Water
• Chemical reactions
• Homeostasis
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Micronutrients
• Organic nutrients
• Inorganic nutrients