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Coronary Artery Disease: Pathophysiology and Management Study Guide

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of cardiovascular disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and the pharmacological interventions used for treatment. It covers conditions such as CAD, HF, HTN, PVD, DVT, and PE, along with key medications and nursing considerations.

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Management of Perfusion and Cerebrovascular Disorders

Perfusion Alterations and Clot Formation

This content discusses fibrinolysis, risk factors for alterations to perfusion, and nursing assessments for perfusion.

  • Fibrinolysis
  • Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
  • Non-modifiable risk factors
  • Modifiable risk factors
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • Blood pressure screenings
  • Cholesterol screenings
  • EKGs
  • Stress testing

Nursing Management of Perfusion and Circulation Disorders

This content discusses hypertension during pregnancy, peripheral vascular disease, and pharmacological treatments for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

  • hypertension during pregnancy
  • preeclampsia
  • eclampsia
  • HELP syndrome
  • magnesium toxicity
  • peripheral vascular disease
  • atherosclerosis
  • venous stasis
  • deep vein thrombosis
  • pulmonary embolism
  • warfarin
  • vitamin K

Cerebrovascular Accident and Stroke Management

Neurologic deficits result from sudden decrease in blood flow to a localized area of the brain, involving ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes.

  • Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
  • Ischemic stroke
  • Hemorrhagic stroke
  • Thrombotic stroke
  • Embolic stroke
  • Intracerebral hemorrhage
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Fibrinolytic therapy
  • Thrombolytic therapy (tPA)
  • Osmotic diuretics
  • Thrombectomy
  • Hematoma evacuation
  • BE FAST acronym
  • Neurologic deficits

Pathophysiology and Management of Cerebrovascular Accident

Stroke or cerebrovascular accident results from a sudden decrease in blood flow to a localized area of the brain causing neurologic deficits.

  • Ischemic stroke
  • Hemorrhagic stroke
  • Risk factors
  • Pathophysiology
  • Neurologic deficits
  • Fibrinolytic therapy
  • Antiplatelet drugs
  • Thrombectomy
  • Hematoma evacuation
  • BE FAST acronym
  • Nursing assessments

Musculoskeletal System and Mobility Management

Musculoskeletal Mobility and Impairment Management

Mobility involves the muscular and skeletal systems working together to support body weight, control movements, and provide stability.

  • Musculoskeletal anatomy
  • Mobility definitions
  • Immobility consequences
  • Risk factors for immobility
  • Diagnostic testing for bones and muscles
  • Nursing assessment and interventions
  • Collaborative interventions
  • Lifespan mobility considerations
  • Herniated disks
  • Scoliosis
  • Fracture classifications and complications
  • Bone healing phases
  • Hip fractures

Immune System Fundamentals, Disorders, and Management

Immunity and Immune System Responses

The body's natural or induced response to infection involving innate and adaptive defenses, lymphocytes, and immunizations.

  • Immunity
  • Immunopathology
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
  • Innate immune response
  • Adaptive immune response
  • Antibody-mediated humoral immunity
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Plasma cells
  • Memory B cells
  • Helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Cytokines
  • Immunoglobulins
  • Active immunity
  • Passive immunity
  • Vaccines
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Immunizations
  • Contraindications

Lifespan Immunity and Hypersensitivity Pathophysiology

This content examines lifespan considerations for immunity and the pathophysiology, manifestations, and management of hypersensitivity reactions.

  • Lifespan immunity considerations
  • IgG placental transfer
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Hypersensitivity pathophysiology
  • Type I IgE mediated hypersensitivity
  • Type II Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
  • Type III Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
  • Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Hypersensitivity manifestations
  • Pharmacological management of hypersensitivity

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Chronic systemic autoimmune disorders involving inflammation of connective tissue, autoantibodies, and immune complexes.

  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Autoantibodies
  • Rheumatoid factors
  • Immune complexes
  • Synovial joints
  • Connective tissue disease
  • B cells
  • T-cell response
  • Butterfly rash
  • Pharmacological treatment
  • NSAIDs
  • Corticosteroids
  • DMARDs

HIV and AIDS Pathophysiology and Treatment

HIV is a retrovirus that destroys the body’s ability to fight infection by infecting CD4 cells and using reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA to DNA.

  • HIV stages
  • CD4 antigen
  • Reverse transcriptase
  • Opportunistic infections
  • Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
  • Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
  • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
  • Integrase strand transfer inhibitor
  • Efavirenz
  • Dolutegravir
  • Truvada

Cardiovascular Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Management

Perfusion and Congenital Heart Defects

This content covers nursing assessments for perfusion, heart sound identification, lifespan considerations for cardiac health, and the pathophysiology of various congenital heart defects.

  • cardiac rhythm
  • echocardiograms
  • heart-healthy lifestyle modifications
  • jugular vein distention
  • capillary refill
  • heart sounds (S1, S2, S3, S4)
  • heart murmurs
  • pericardial inflammation
  • fetal circulation
  • congenital heart defects
  • atrial septal defect (ASD)
  • ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  • patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
  • pulmonic stenosis
  • tetralogy of Fallot
  • coarctation of the aorta
  • aortic stenosis
  • cyanosis
  • coronary artery disease
  • atherosclerosis

Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology and Management

This content discusses the progression of coronary artery disease from atherosclerosis and plaque development to myocardial infarction, including risk factors, clinical manifestations, and pharmacological treatments like statins.

  • atherosclerosis
  • coronary artery disease
  • plaque development
  • fibrous plaques
  • thrombosis
  • myocardial infarction
  • acute myocardial infarction
  • lifestyle modifications
  • atorvastatin
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibition
  • rhabdomyolysis

Pharmacological Management of Heart Failure and Hypertension

This content covers pharmacological treatments, adverse effects, nursing priorities, and patient education for medications used to manage heart failure and hypertension.

  • Atorvastatin adverse effects
  • Nitroglycerin administration and precautions
  • Diltiazem contraindications and nursing priorities
  • Heart failure pathophysiology and manifestations
  • Lisinopril adverse effects and angioedema
  • Metoprolol administration and monitoring
  • Digoxin toxicity and antidote
  • Hypertension classifications and risk factors
  • Losartan and angiotensin receptor blockers
  • Doxazosin use in BPH
  • Nifedipine and calcium channel blockers
  • Hydralazine and direct vasodilators
  • Nitroprusside and cyanide toxicity

Perfusion and Cardiovascular Physiology Fundamentals

An introduction to the concept of perfusion, including cardiac anatomy, circulation, cardiac output, electrical conduction, and hemodynamics.

  • perfusion
  • optimal perfusion
  • impaired perfusion
  • myocardial infarction
  • systemic circulation
  • pulmonary circulation
  • coronary circulation
  • cardiac cycle
  • diastole
  • cardiac output
  • heart rate
  • stroke volume
  • preload
  • afterload
  • contractility
  • electrical conduction
  • sinoatrial node
  • atrioventricular node

Congenital Heart Disease Pathophysiology and Management

This content covers congenital heart defects resulting from alterations in fetal development, including defects that increase pulmonary blood flow, impede pulmonary blood flow, obstruct systemic blood flow, or present as mixed defects.

  • Atrial septal defect
  • Aortic coarctation
  • Ventricular septal defect
  • Fallot's tetralogy
  • Patent ductus arteriosus
  • Pulmonary or tricuspid atresia
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
  • Polycythemia
  • Right-ventricular hypertrophy
  • Systemic desaturation
  • Cardiac catheterization
  • Echocardiography
  • Nursing interventions

Cardiovascular Disorders and Pharmacological Management

This content covers the pathophysiology, manifestations, and treatment of coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism using various pharmacological prototypes.

  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Heart Failure
  • Hypertension
  • Preeclampsia
  • Eclampsia
  • Peripheral Vascular Disease
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Pulmonary Embolism
  • Atorvastatin
  • Nitroglycerin
  • Lisinopril
  • Metoprolol
  • Digoxin
  • Losartan
  • Doxazosin
  • Hydralazine

Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease Management

Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease Management

An overview of Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease including pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and pharmacological management.

  • Multiple Sclerosis pathophysiology
  • Demyelination
  • Multiple Sclerosis clinical manifestations
  • Cyclobenzaprine
  • Dantrolene Sodium
  • Parkinson's Disease pathophysiology
  • Dopaminergic cell death
  • Levodopa, Carbidopa, and Entacapone
  • Benztropine

Tissue Integrity, Wound Healing, and Pressure Injuries

NU271 Exam 3 Content Blueprint

This blueprint outlines concepts and exemplars for perfusion, mobility, tissue integrity, and immunity including pathophysiology, manifestations, and pharmacological treatments.

  • Perfusion
  • Congenital heart defects
  • CAD
  • Heart failure
  • HTN/Pregnancy HTN
  • PVD
  • DVT/PE
  • Stroke
  • Mobility
  • Back problems
  • Fractures
  • MS
  • PD
  • OA
  • SCI
  • Tissue Integrity
  • Wound healing
  • Pressure injuries
  • Immunity
  • Hypersensitivity

Osteoarthritis and Spinal Cord Injury

Osteoarthritis and Spinal Cord Injury

Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of osteoarthritis and spinal cord injury.

  • Osteoarthritis pathophysiology
  • Osteoarthritis risk factors
  • Osteoarthritis management
  • Spinal cord injury pathophysiology
  • Primary and secondary spinal cord injury mechanisms
  • Complete and incomplete spinal cord injury
  • Spinal shock
  • Autonomic dysreflexia
  • Deep vein thromboembolism
  • Spinal cord injury emergency signs and symptoms

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