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COPD: A Clinical Overview Study Guide

This guide details the pathophysiology of pneumonia, distinguishing between Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP). It covers clinical manifestations, assessment findings, and comprehensive nursing management strategies, including respiratory support, pharmacological interventions, and nutritional/activity considerations. Key nursing diagnoses such as ineffective airway clearance, impaired gas exchange, and activity intolerance are addressed.

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Respiratory Pathophysiology, Assessment, and Management

Respiratory System, Asthma, and COPD

This unit covers respiratory system pathophysiology, assessment, and management of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

  • Gas exchange
  • Perfusion
  • Respiratory assessment
  • Changes in the older adult
  • Effects of immobility
  • Atelectasis
  • Asthma
  • Bronchoconstriction
  • COPD
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Alveolar damage
  • Airway hyperresponsiveness
  • Hypoxemia
  • Cyanosis
  • Barrel chest
  • Cor pulmonale

COPD Oxygenation and Acid Base Status

Laboratory assessment of ABG values, respiratory acidosis, and pulmonary diagnostics for COPD.

  • Arterial blood gases
  • Partial pressure of arterial oxygen
  • Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Hypoventilation
  • Hypoxia
  • Pulmonary function test
  • Total lung capacity
  • SpO2
  • COPD chest X-ray
  • Serum alpha 1 antitrypsin levels
  • Polycythemia

COPD Management and Pharmacological Interventions

Planning and implementation for COPD includes improving gas exchange, nonsurgical management through breathing techniques, and medication therapy.

  • Improving gas exchange
  • Reducing carbon dioxide retention
  • Preventing respiratory infection
  • Nonsurgical management
  • Pursed lip breathing
  • Tripod positioning
  • Exercise conditioning
  • Beta-adrenergic agents
  • Corticosteroids
  • NSAIDs
  • Mucolytics
  • Antibiotics
  • Albuterol
  • Ipatropium
  • Leukotriene modifiers
  • Acetylcysteine
  • Beclomethasone
  • Prednisone
  • Pulmonary Rehab
  • Smoking cessation

Oxygen Delivery Systems and Respiratory Interventions

Nursing considerations for oxygen administration, various oxygen delivery systems, and respiratory interventions for patients with COPD.

  • Simple oxygen face mask
  • Venturi mask
  • Non-rebreather mask
  • Partial rebreather mask
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (C-PAP)
  • Bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP)
  • Pursed lip breathing
  • Diaphragmatic breathing
  • Incentive spirometer
  • Inhalation therapy
  • Smoking cessation
  • Respiratory patterns
  • COPD
  • Oxygen toxicity

Pneumonia Pathophysiology and Nursing Management

Pneumonia involves an inflammatory process causing excess fluid in lungs, reduced oxygen exchange, and alveolar collapse.

  • Pneumonia pathophysiology
  • Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
  • Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)
  • Edema and exudate
  • Alveolar collapse (atelectasis)
  • Hypoxemia
  • Respiratory distress
  • Pleuritic chest pain
  • Incentive spirometer
  • Antitussives
  • Expectorants
  • Mucolytics
  • Ineffective airway clearance
  • Impaired gas exchange
  • Activity intolerance

Pathophysiology and Symptoms of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can remain latent or develop into active disease.

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Latent TB
  • Active TB infection
  • Droplet spread
  • PPD skin test
  • Mantoux test
  • Sputum culture
  • Chest X-ray
  • Airborne precautions
  • Immune system response

Tuberculosis Medication and Treatment Management

Instructions for medication compliance, managing nausea, and addressing multi drug resistance through direct observation therapy.

  • Medication compliance
  • Medication adherence
  • Nausea and vomiting management
  • Antiemetic use
  • High protein, iron, and vitamin E diet
  • Multi drug resistance
  • Direct observation therapy
  • Public health department involvement
  • Follow up care

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