Contrast Media and Radiopharmaceuticals in Medical Imaging Study Guide

Fundamentals of Radiographic Image Production

Discuss primary, scatter, and remnant radiation while describing the fundamentals of image production and image receptor systems.

• primary radiation
• scatter radiation
• remnant radiation
• image production
• image receptor systems
• latent image formation
• film-screen radiography
• photostimulable phosphor systems
• indirect and direct capture digital radiography
• image quality
• image receptor exposure
• contrast
• recorded detail
• distortion
• fluoroscopic imaging
• attenuation
• differential absorption
• radiopaque
• radiolucent
• imaging chain

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Image Receptor Classes and Exposure Factors

This content covers image receptor classes, technical exposure factors, and methods for beam modification and scatter control.

• Film-screen systems
• Computed radiography (CR)
• Digital radiography (DR)
• Technical exposure factors
• Milliamperage (mA)
• Kilovoltage peak (kVp)
• Radiographic density
• mAs reciprocity law
• Inverse square law
• Beam modification
• Filtration
• Collimation
• Scatter control
• Grids
• Half-Value Layer (HVL)

Infection Control and Infectious Agents

Terminology related to infection control, the four basic infectious agents, and the establishment of infectious disease.

• Infection control terminology
• Infectious agents
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Parasitic protozoa
• Chain of infection
• Medical asepsis
• Surgical asepsis
• Standard precautions
• Transmission-based precautions
• Pathogens
• Exotoxins
• Gram staining
• Endospores
• Dimorphic fungi
• Motility

Establishment and Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease

The pathogenesis of infectious diseases involves encounter, entry, spread, multiplication, damage, and outcome.

• Encounter
• Entry
• Ingression
• Penetration
• Spread
• Multiplication
• Damage
• Outcome
• Chain of Infection
• Exogenous transmission
• Endogenous transmission
• Vector

Aseptic Techniques and Sterile Field Establishment

This content describes the principles of aseptic technique, surgical asepsis, and medical asepsis used to protect patients from infection and prevent the spread of pathogens.

• Aseptic technique
• Surgical asepsis
• Medical asepsis
• Sterile field
• Sterile drape
• Surgical scrub
• Gowning and gloving
• Sterile corridor
• Dropping sterile contents
• Pouring sterile fluids
• Medical imaging asepsis

Surgical Scrubbing and Sterile Technique

This text details procedures for surgical scrubbing, putting on a sterile gown, and various methods of sterile gloving.

• Surgical scrubbing
• Antimicrobial agent
• Sterile technique
• Self-gowning
• Open technique gloving
• Closed technique gloving
• Gowning another person
• Two-person gloving
• Removing contaminated gloves

Sterile Dressing Change Procedures

A sterile procedure requiring sterile techniques, patient consent, and hand washing for performing dressing changes.

• sterile technique
• patient consent
• hand washing
• sterile field
• dressing removal
• dressing reapplication

Nasogastric Tube Care and Procedures

Procedures for the insertion, care, and removal of nasogastric tubes and assistance with patient elimination needs.

• nasogastric tube insertion
• nasogastric tube care
• nasogastric tube removal
• gastric decompression
• Levin tube
• verifying tube placement
• barium enemas
• nonaseptic technique
• male urinal assistance
• bedpan assistance

Medical Emergencies and First Aid Procedures

Define terms related to medical emergencies and list the objectives of first aid and general priorities for working with patients in acute situations.

• medical emergencies
• first aid objectives
• emergency priorities
• crash cart
• automatic external defibrillators
• cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• levels of consciousness
• shock prevention
• hypoglycemia
• emergency equipment

Assessing Head Injuries and Consciousness

Assess patient's level of consciousness, clinical symptoms, and vital signs to identify deteriorating head injury signs.

• Head injuries
• Level of consciousness
• Clinical symptoms
• CT assessment
• Vital signs
• Neurologic status
• Deteriorating head injury
• Slowing pulse rate
• Slow respiratory rate
• Airway maintenance

Fundamentals of Pharmacology and Drug Classifications

Pharmacology is the science concerned with the origin, nature, effects, and uses of drugs, including drug nomenclature and various classifications by action.

• pharmacology definitions
• drug nomenclature
• chemical structure
• Physicians' Desk Reference
• drug classifications by action
• drug classifications by legal name
• analgesics
• anesthetics
• antibiotics
• anticoagulants
• antihypertensives
• bronchodilators
• corticosteroids
• nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

Pharmacokinetics Process and Drug Action

The pharmacokinetics process involves drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, alongside factors influencing drug action and drug reactions.

• Pharmacokinetics process
• Drug absorption
• Bioavailability
• Drug distribution
• Drug metabolism
• Biotransformation
• Drug excretion
• Drug interaction
• Factors that influence drug action
• Drug reactions
• Dosage forms

Principles of Parenteral Drug Administration

This topic covers parenteral administration using syringes, needles, and various injection routes including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous methods.

• Parenteral administration
• Syringe types
• Needle gauges and bevels
• Subcutaneous injection
• Intramuscular injection
• Intravenous administration
• Venipuncture procedure
• Needleless systems
• Drip infusion
• IV pump assembly
• Extravasation and infiltration
• Aseptic technique
• Universal precautions

Contrast Media and Radiopharmaceuticals Introduction

This text discusses the purpose of contrast media to visualize anatomic structures using the photoelectric effect and high-atomic number elements.

• Contrast media
• Radiopharmaceuticals
• Positive contrast agents
• Negative contrast agents
• Photoelectric interaction
• Iodinated ionic contrast media
• Nonionic iodinated contrast media
• Subject contrast
• Radiopaque
• Radiolucent
• Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
• Barium sulfate contraindications

Image Receptor Technologies in Radiography

Image receptors detect remnant radiation and convert it into chemical or electrical changes to create latent and manifest images using film-screen, computed radiography, or digital radiography systems.

• Film-screen systems
• Intensifying screens
• Latent image
• Manifest image
• Photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) technology
• Computed radiography (CR)
• Imaging plate (IP)
• Quantum mottle
• Digital radiography (DR)
• Thin-film-transistor (TFT) technology
• Indirect detector technology
• Scintillator material
• Amorphous silicon (aSi)
• Direct detector technology
• Amorphous selenium (aSe)
• Detector elements (DEL)

Radiation Quantities and SI Units

This text covers radiation units of measurement including exposure in air, absorbed dose, dose equivalent, activity, and air kerma.

• SI units
• Radiation absorbed dose
• Radiation equivalent man
• Sievert
• Quality factor
• Air Kerma
• Kinetic energy released in matter
• Curie
• Becquerel
• Activity
• FDA
• CDRH
• Effective dose limit

Dose-Response Relationships and Biologic Effects

Physicians use a risk vs. benefit rationale regarding ionizing radiation studies, dose-response models, and the biologic effects of radiation on cells.

• Dose-response relationship
• Linear no-threshold model
• Threshold dose-response model
• Effective dose limits
• Equivalent dose limits
• Occupational exposures
• Public exposures
• Biologic effects of radiation
• Cell biology
• Radiosensitivity
• Indirect-hit theory
• Cellular mitosis
• Acute radiation syndrome

Health Care-Associated Infections and Pathogens

Information regarding nosocomial infections, iatrogenic infections, and blood-borne pathogens including HIV and HBV.

• Nosocomial infections
• Iatrogenic infections
• Blood-borne pathogens
• HIV
• HBV
• Indwelling catheters
• Indwelling vascular lines
• CD4+ T cells
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Tracheostomy and Chest Tube Procedures

Information regarding tracheostomy surgical incisions and chest tubes used to drain the intrapleural space and mediastinum.

• Tracheostomy
• Sterile technique
• Chest tubes
• Thoracostomy tubes
• Intrapleural space
• Mediastinum
• Intercostal space
• Chest radiography
• Chest drainage systems

Urinary Catheters and Intravenous Lines

This content covers types of urinary catheters, indwelling catheter placement, removal procedures, and intravenous and intraarterial lines.

• Indwelling catheters
• Foley catheter
• Straight type catheter
• French system sizing
• Bladder retention
• Urine output measurement
• Catheter placement
• Drainage bag management
• Catheter removal procedure
• Intravenous lines
• Intraarterial lines
• Sterile technique

Urinals, Bedpans, and Colon Preparation

Procedures and equipment including urinals, bedpans, colon preparation, and cleansing enemas for patient care and diagnostic imaging.

• Male urinal
• Female urination devices
• Bedpans
• Fracture bedpan
• Imaging the colon
• Colon preparation
• Cleansing enemas
• Tap water enema
• Hypertonic enema
• Dietary restrictions

Understanding Shock and Anaphylactic Reactions

A failure of the circulatory system to support vital body functions involving the shock continuum, classes of shock, and hypoglycemia.

• Shock
• Shock Continuum
• Compensatory stage
• Progressive stage
• Irreversible stage
• Anaphylactic Shock
• Contrast media reaction
• Hypoglycemia
• Insulin shock
• Signs and symptoms of shock

Water-Soluble Iodine Contrast Agents

This content examines ionic and nonionic water-soluble iodine contrast agents, their chemical structures, and the biological significance of osmolality.

• Ionic contrast agents
• Nonionic contrast agents
• Tri-iodinated water soluble molecules
• Osmolality
• High osmolality media (HOCM)
• Low osmolality media (LOCM)
• Benzene ring
• Methylglucamine
• Solubility and excretion
• Viscosity
• Hypovolemic shock

Image Quality and Radiographic Characteristics

This content explores image quality characteristics including image receptor exposure, radiographic contrast, spatial resolution, and distortion.

• Image receptor exposure
• Quantum mottle
• Image noise
• Radiographic contrast
• Spatial resolution
• Recorded detail
• Focal spot size
• Source-to-image distance
• Object-to-image distance (OID)
• Material unsharpness
• Motion distortion
• Object unsharpness
• Size distortion
• Shape distortion
• Exposure Index (EI)
• Deviation Index (DI)
• Window level (WL)
• Window width (WW)
• Fluoroscopy

Patient and Occupational Radiation Protection Measures

Protecting the patient and radiographer through cardinal rules of protection, ALARA principles, and occupational personnel monitoring.

• Cardinal rules of protection
• X-ray beam restriction
• Patient shielding
• Time, distance, and shielding
• Radiation monitoring
• Personnel monitoring dosimeters
• Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSL)
• Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
• Ionization in human tissue

Standard Precautions and Infection Control

This content covers standard precautions, transmission-based precautions, asepsis, and sterilization methods used to control infectious diseases and pathogens.

• Standard Precautions
• Transmission-Based Precautions
• Airborne precautions
• Droplet precautions
• Contact precautions
• Asepsis
• Bacteriostatic
• Bactericidal
• Sterilization
• Autoclave
• Ultraviolet (UV) light
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Hand Washing
• Nosocomial infections
• Pathogenic microorganisms

Portable and Surgical Radiography Techniques

Radiographers must maintain sterile technique and aseptic practices while performing portable fluoroscopy and surgical imaging.

• Sterile technique
• Sterile corridor
• Portable fluoroscopy
• C-arm draping
• Surgical draping
• Aseptic technique
• Medical asepsis
• Surgical asepsis
• Portable radiography
• Patient safety
• Image receptor positioning

Barium Enema Procedures and Considerations

• Inflatable cuff
• Positive agent
• Negative agent
• Patient education
• Bowel perforation
• Water-soluble iodine compounds
• Post-examination instructions

Respiratory Distress and Emergency First Aid

Procedures for managing asthma, choking, obstructed airways, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

• Asthma
• Choking
• Universal sign for choking
• Heimlich maneuver
• Pregnant patient adaptations
• Infant choking
• Obstructed airway
• Finger sweep
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
• Cardiac arrest
• Ventilations

Management of Medical Emergencies

Recognize emergency conditions such as cerebrovascular accident, seizures, and syncope to act appropriately and maintain competency with basic emergency skills.

• AED operation
• Cerebrovascular Accident
• Minor Medical Emergencies
• Epistaxis management
• Vertigo
• Syncope
• Seizure care
• CPR

Contrast Media and Radiopharmaceuticals Overview

Information regarding contrast media reactions, pediatric considerations, and the use of radiopharmaceuticals for cellular physiology assessment.

• Anaphylactoid reactions
• Contrast media osmolality
• Iodinated contrast media
• Metformin discontinuation
• Pediatric contrast considerations
• Radiopharmaceuticals
• Biodistribution
• Gamma radiation
• PET scanning
• Radioactive half-life
• Contamination and spillage
• Health professional responsibilities

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