Cellular Organelles and Biomolecule Processing Study Guide

Biological Building Blocks and Molecular Structures

An overview of the structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and lipids including triglycerides and phospholipids.

• DNA sugar phosphate backbone
• Long term storage of genetic information
• RNA single stranded form
• Uracil versus thiamine in RNA
• Lipids made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
• Triglycerides composed of glycerol and fatty acids
• Phospholipid structure with phosphate and glycerol
• Saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids
• Single versus double covalent bonds

Chemical Reactions, Water Properties, and pH

An introduction to chemical reactions involving reactants and products, the properties of water as a solvent, and the concept of pH scales.

• reactants and products
• chemical reactions in biology
• solubility and polarity of water
• solute and solvent
• hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances
• hydrogen bonds
• acidic and basic solutions
• pH scale

Chemical Reactions and Water Properties

An introduction to chemical reactions, the properties of water as a solvent, and the characteristics of acids and bases.

• reactants and products
• chemical reactions
• solubility and polarity
• solute and solvent
• hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances
• hydrogen bonds
• acids and hydrogen ions
• bases and pH scale

Chemical Reactions, Water Properties, and pH

An introduction to chemical reactions involving reactants and products, the properties of water as a solvent, and the concept of pH scales.

• reactants and products
• chemical reactions in biology
• solubility and polarity of water
• solute and solvent
• hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances
• hydrogen bonds
• acidic and basic solutions
• pH scale

Scientific Research and Chemistry of Life

Notes covering types of scientific literature, research methodologies, and fundamental chemical concepts of life.

• Applied Research
• Primary Literature
• Secondary Literature
• Pseudoscience
• Correlation vs. Causation
• Correlation
• Meta-analysis
• Matter
• Element
• Atom

Scientific Method and Experimental Design

An introduction to the scientific method, experimental design, and the distinction between control and treatment groups.

• scientific method
• experimental design
• repeatable manipulation
• testing a hypothesis
• control group
• treatment group

Understanding Variables in Experiments

An introduction to variables, specifically distinguishing between independent and dependent variables.

• definition of variables
• independent variables as explanatory factors
• dependent variables as measured outcomes
• relationship between independent and dependent variables

The Scientific Method and Case Study Application

An overview of the scientific method process applied through a case study regarding dog breed aggression.

• Scientific method flowchart
• Hypothesis testing
• Null hypothesis
• Alternative hypothesis
• Sample size and confidence in results
• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Analyzing and concluding results

Scientific Definitions and Processes

An overview of scientific terminology, the vaccine development process, and principles of scientific literacy and bias.

• Scientific Fact
• Scientific Theory
• Peer Review
• Cancer and DNA damage
• Human Papillomavirus
• Antibodies
• Vaccine development process
• Scientific Literacy
• Identifying bias
• Basic Research

Introduction to Cell Theory and Types

Fundamental principles of cell theory, common cellular features, and distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

• Cell Theory
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes
• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm
• DNA
• Ribosomes
• Organelles

Passive and Active Transport Mechanisms

Cellular transport mechanisms include passive transport, which occurs spontaneously through diffusion and osmosis, and active transport, which requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient.

• Passive transport
• Active transport
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis
• Concentration gradient
• Transport proteins
• ATP

Functions of Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum consists of a continuous membrane system where the smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes lipids and hormones and the rough endoplasmic reticulum produces proteins.

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Lipid synthesis
• Protein folding
• Ribosomes
• Amino acids
• Membrane formation

Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi

The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes on its surface, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in detoxification processes.

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Ribosomes
• Detoxification
• Golgi apparatus
• Vesicles
• Protein packaging
• Lipid processing

• Cellular Manufacturing and Distribution: ER and Golgi Apparatus

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Cellular Organelles and Biomolecule Processing

The cell utilizes membrane enclosed compartments, lysosomes, and mitochondria to process proteins, enzymes, and starch into energy.

• Amylase enzymes
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Membrane fusion
• Cellular respiration
• Biomolecules
• Vesicles

• Cellular Organelles and Biomolecule Processing

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Introduction to Cell Cycle and Division

An overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle, including interphase, mitosis, checkpoints, and the biological processes of growth, repair, and reproduction.

• cell cycle
• interphase
• S phase
• G2 phase
• mitosis
• checkpoints
• DNA replication
• apoptosis
• positive and negative regulators
• prokaryotic cell division
• asexual reproduction
• meiosis
• angiogenesis
• cancer

Introduction to Chromosomes and Karyotypes

This content explains diploid and haploid cells, autosomes, sex chromosomes, and how atypical karyotypes result in chromosomal syndromes.

• diploid
• haploid
• autosomes
• sex chromosomes
• gametes
• centromere
• karyotypes
• Down syndrome
• Klinefelter syndrome

Mechanisms of Meiosis and Genetic Diversity

The processes of meiosis one and meiosis two involve DNA replication, chromosome separation, and recombination to create genetic diversity through crossing over and independent assortment.

• meiosis one
• meiosis two
• DNA replication
• cytokinesis
• diploid
• haploid
• homologous chromosomes
• recombination
• crossing over
• independent assortment
• chromosomal abnormalities
• genetic diversity

Lipid Structure and Biological Functions

An examination of saturated versus unsaturated lipids and the various roles lipids play in organisms.

• saturated versus unsaturated lipids
• double bonds and single bonds
• lipid stability and fluidity
• energy storage in seeds
• insulation in marine mammals
• structural support and general protection
• lipids for communication
• energy source for germinating seeds

Lipid Structures and Biological Functions

An examination of saturated versus unsaturated lipids and the various roles lipids play in biological organisms.

• saturated versus unsaturated lipids
• double bonds and single bonds
• lipid stability and fluidity
• lipids as energy storage
• lipids for insulation
• lipids for structural support
• lipids for general protection
• lipids for communication
• energy source for germinating seeds

Atomic Structure and Isotopes

Handwritten notes defining the components of an atom, periodic table notation, and the concept of isotopes.

• Atomic structure of protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Nucleus composition
• Atomic number and protons
• Atomic mass number
• Periodic table entry notation
• Isotope definitions and variations

Atomic Structure and Chemical Composition

• chemical compounds
• organic molecules
• organic compounds
• chemical bonds
• atomic structure
• nucleus containing protons and neutrons
• electron shells
• electron shell capacity

Atomic Structure and Ionic Bond Formation

Handwritten notes explaining atomic components, electron shell configurations, and the formation of ionic bonds between sodium and chlorine.

• atomic structure
• protons and neutrons in the nucleus
• electron shell capacity
• sodium atom and Na+ ion formation
• chlorine atom and Cl- ion formation
• ionic bond formation through electrostatic attraction

Carbon Chemistry and Biomolecules

Notes covering the properties of polar molecules, hydrogen bonding, carbon atom structures, and the four classes of carbon-based biomolecules.

• Hydrogen bonds and surface tension
• Polar molecules and unequal electron sharing
• Carbon atom Bohr model
• Covalent bonding in methane and carbon dioxide
• Double bonds through electron sharing
• Carbon-based biomolecules
• Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids

Functions of Molecules and Chemical Reactions

Notes covering molecular functions, chemical reaction definitions, solubility, and properties of solutions.

• Functions of molecules
• Chemical reactions
• Reactants and products
• Breaking covalent bonds
• Solubility and solutions
• Solute and solvent
• Hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding

Handwritten notes detailing atomic components, Bohr model diagrams, and the principles of electron sharing in chemical bonds.

• atomic structure
• Bohr model diagrams
• periodic table squares
• protons and neutrons
• electron shells
• chemical bonding
• covalent bonds
• electron sharing

Properties of Water, Acids, and Bases

Notes covering the stages of water, evaporation, condensation, and the behavior of acids and bases regarding hydrogen ions.

• three stages of water
• evaporation process
• hydrogen bonds in water
• condensation process
• acids losing hydrogen ions
• bases accepting hydrogen ions
• aqueous solutions

Virus Characteristics and Cellular Infection

Viruses are non-living infectious agents that use cellular mechanisms to replicate genetic material.

• Virus classification
• Cellular replication
• Genetic material (DNA/RNA)
• Metabolism
• Infection mechanisms

Introduction to Osmosis and Solutions

An exploration of osmosis, solutes, solvents, and the effects of tonicity on water movement across selectively permeable membranes.

• osmosis
• solute
• selectively permeable membrane
• isotonic solution
• hypertonic solution
• concentration gradient

Passive Transport and Osmotic Solutions

An explanation of how water moves across cell membranes based on solute concentrations in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions.

• hypertonic solution
• hypotonic solution
• solute concentration
• concentration gradient
• osmosis

Cellular Respiration and Energy Storage

Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into energy through ATP and photosynthesis captures sunlight to form glucose.

• Cellular respiration
• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
• High energy covalent bonds
• Active transport
• Photosynthesis
• Glucose synthesis

Photosynthesis Structure and Energy Cycles

Chlorophyll molecules absorb light energy to power light dependent reactions that produce ATP and NADPH, which then drive the light independent reaction to turn carbon dioxide into glucose.

• chlorophyll molecules
• light dependent reaction
• light independent reaction
• ATP
• carbon dioxide
• glucose
• photosystems
• electron carriers

Proteins and Carbohydrates Overview

An overview of protein types and the structure, function, and examples of carbohydrates.

• Types of proteins
• Enzymatic proteins
• Structural proteins
• Hormone and receptor proteins
• Membrane transport proteins
• Antibodies
• Storage proteins
• Monosaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• Cellulose
• Glycogen
• Starch
• Glucose as fuel for ATP
• Peptidoglycan

Introduction to Nucleic Acids

An overview of DNA and RNA as nucleic acids found in cells composed of ribonucleotides and nucleotides.

• Nucleic acids DNA and RNA
• Ribonucleotides
• Nucleotides as monomers for DNA

Carbon-Based Life and Biological Polymers

An examination of carbon molecules, abiotic versus biotic environments, and the monomers and polymers that serve as building blocks of life.

• carbon molecules in samples
• abiotic and biotic environments
• polymers and monomers
• covalent bonds in polymers
• proteins and amino acids
• carbohydrates and sugars
• nucleic acids including DNA and RNA
• nucleotides

Amino Acid Structure and Protein Levels

This material describes the chemical structure of amino acids and the different structural levels of proteins.

• Amino acid structure
• Amino group
• Carboxyl group
• R group
• Polypeptide
• Primary structure
• Secondary structure
• Alpha helices
• Beta sheets
• Tertiary structure
• Quaternary structure

Structure of Nucleotides and Lipids

Handwritten notes detailing the components of nucleotides and the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated lipids.

• nucleotide sugar phosphate backbone
• nitrogenous bases Adenine Thymine and Cytosine
• lipid composition of Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen
• triglycerides made of glycerol and fatty acids
• phospholipids forming cell membranes
• saturation in fatty acids
• unsaturated fat double bonds and kinks
• saturated fat single bonds and straight chains

Viruses, Prions, and Protein Folding

An exploration of viruses using RNA and spike proteins to enter cells via active transport, alongside the mechanism of prion diseases caused by misfolded proteins.

• RNA and spike proteins
• Active transport
• Protein folding and function
• Prions
• Misfolded proteins
• Neurodegeneration
• Amino acid interactions

Cell Membrane Structure and Protein Function

An exploration of eukaryotic membrane composition, phospholipid bilayer properties, and the role of membrane proteins in selective permeability.

• eukaryotic membrane
• hydrophilic head
• hydrophobic fatty acid tail
• selective permeability
• membrane proteins
• receptors
• active transport
• passive transport

Cellular Transport and Eukaryotic Structures

This topic covers cellular transport mechanisms including endocytosis and exocytosis, viral entry through membrane proteins, and the functions of eukaryotic organelles like the nucleus, cytoskeleton, and ribosomes.

• Passive and active transport
• Endocytosis and exocytosis
• Vesicles
• Membrane proteins
• Viral infection mechanisms
• RNA and DNA genomes
• Eukaryotic cell nucleus
• Chromosomes
• Cytoskeleton
• Ribosomes
• mRNA translation

Enzymes, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Metabolism

This content explores how enzymes act as catalysts to speed up reactions, the process of photosynthesis involving light and carbon dioxide, and the distinction between anabolic and catabolic metabolic pathways.

• Enzymes
• Catalysts
• Substrate
• Active site
• Products
• Lactose and lactase
• Photosynthesis
• Glucose synthesis
• Anabolism
• Catabolism
• Metabolism
• Cellular respiration
• Electron carriers