Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals Study Guide
This guide explains the essential chemical concepts that underpin biological systems. Learn about elements, atoms, their structures, and how they interact through various chemical bonds. Understand the octet rule, polarity, and the significance of different bond types in biological molecules and processes. This foundational knowledge is crucial for comprehending more complex biological functions.
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Chemical Level of Organization
Chemical Level of Organization
Elements and atoms form chemical bonds and molecules through the octet rule, involving ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
- Octet Rule
- Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bonds
- Cations
- Electrolytes
- Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
- Polar Covalent Bonds
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Polarity
The Chemical Level of Organization: Elements, Atoms, and Bonds
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Chemical Reactions and Energy
This topic covers metabolism, chemical reactions, energy types, and factors affecting reaction rates.
- Metabolism
- Anabolic chemical reactions
- Catabolic chemical reactions
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Chemical energy
- Mechanical energy
- Radiant energy
- Electrical energy
- Reactants
- Products
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Synthesis
- Decomposition
- Exchange reactions
- Reversible reactions
- Reaction rates
- Catalysts
- Enzymes
- Activation energy
Inorganic Compounds and pH Regulation
Overview of inorganic and organic compounds including water, salts, acids, bases, and the pH scale.
- Inorganic Compounds
- Water
- Salts
- pH Scale
- Acids
- Bases
- Buffers
- Acidosis
- Alkalosis
- Organic Compounds
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Syllabus Overview and Anatomy Introduction
BIO 160 Syllabus and Anatomy Introduction
This course incorporates lectures and laboratory experiences to study the structure and function of the human body through anatomy and physiology.
- Anatomy
- Physiology
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology: Structure, Function, and Homeostasis
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Inorganic Compounds and pH Regulation
Elements, Functional Groups, and Carbohydrates
This content covers elements, functional groups, and the structure and function of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- Elements and trace elements
- Chemistry of carbon
- Functional groups
- Hydroxyl groups
- Carboxyl groups
- Amino groups
- Methyl groups
- Phosphate groups
- Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Starches
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
- Dehydration synthesis
- Hydrolysis
Organization and Requirements of Human Life
Human Body Organization and Homeostasis
This content explores the organization of the human body, including organ systems, metabolism, requirements for human life, and the maintenance of homeostasis.
- Anatomy and physiology
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Organ systems
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
- Metabolism
- Hydrolysis
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth and development
- Requirements for human life
- Homeostasis
- Set-point
- Normal range
- Negative feedback loops
- Positive feedback
- Anatomical position
- Body planes
Chemical Foundations of Human Physiology
Chemical Structure and Function of Lipids
Lipids are a diverse group of nonpolar, hydrophobic compounds including triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, and prostaglandins.
- Lipids
- Triglycerides
- Glycerol
- Fatty acids
- Saturated fatty acids
- Unsaturated fatty acids
- MonoUnsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFAs)
- PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFAs)
- Phospholipids
- Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
- Sterols
- Cholesterol
- Dehydration synthesis
Structure and Function of Proteins
Proteins consist of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds and form complex structures essential to their function.
- Amino acid monomers
- Primary protein structure
- Secondary protein structure
- Beta-pleated sheet
- Tertiary protein structure
- Disulfide bonds
- Quaternary protein structure
- Denaturation of proteins
- Enzymatic reactions
- Substrates
- Active sites
Chemical Level of Organization and Molecules
This content explores the chemical level of organization including proteins, nucleotides, DNA, RNA, and adenosine triphosphate.
- Enzymes and substrates
- Protein functions including buffers and fluid–electrolyte balance
- Nucleotide subunits
- DNA structure and nitrogen base pairs
- RNA and messenger RNA functions
- Genetic code and codons
- (ATP) energy storage
- Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
- Phosphorylation and dehydration synthesis
Body Cavity Membranes and Medical Imaging
Anterior Body Cavities and Medical Imaging
This content covers serous membranes of the anterior body cavity and various medical imaging techniques used to visualize human anatomy.
- Serous membrane
- Parietal layer
- Visceral layer
- Pericardium
- Peritoneum
- X-Ray
- Computed tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Positron emission tomography
- Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ultrasonography
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