Mechanisms of Transcription and mRNA Synthesis

1. Template Strand (Antisense): This is the 3’ to 5’ strand that RNA polymerase actually "reads".
2. Coding Strand (Sense): This is the 5’ to 3’ strand. It is not used as a template, but its sequence is nearly identical to the resulting RNA transcript, with one key difference: DNA uses thymine (T), while RNA uses uracil (U).

When the RNA polymerase moves along the template, it creates an RNA-DNA heteroduplex (or RNA-DNA hybrid). During this process, the enzyme catalyzes the addition of ribonucleoside triphosphates by attacking the 3’ hydroxyl group of the growing chain with the $\alpha$-phosphorus of the incoming nucleotide.

Exam Tip: Base Pairing Rules Remember that while DNA uses A-T and G-C, RNA transcription follows these rules with one substitution:

• G pairs with C (3 hydrogen bonds)
• A pairs with U (2 hydrogen bonds)

![A diagram showing the DNA double helix with the template strand and coding strand, illustrating how RNA polymerase uses the 3' to 5' template strand to synthesize a 5' to 3' RNA transcript that is complementary to the template and identical to the coding strand (except U for 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