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the confounder is an (exposure/outcome)
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- Scientists are studying the structure and function of Receptor X, a single-polypeptide protein that is found in the membrane around certain types of cells. Receptor X contains no alpha-helices or beta sheets. A specific molecule outside the cells is recognized and bound by Receptor X. The binding of the molecule to Receptor X causes the cells to have a particular response.To study the structure and function of Receptor X, the scientists are altering the sequence of small sections of the receptor. Both the normal sequence of a five‑amino acid section of Receptor X and an altered sequence that contains two amino acid substitutions are shown in Figure 1.(a) Identify the process used to form the covalent peptide bonds that join amino acids into a polypeptide.(b) The change in the amino acid sequence illustrated in Figure 1 caused a change in the shape of Receptor X. Based on the R groups of the original and substituted amino acids, explain why Receptor X changed shape.(c) Using the template below that represents the four levels of protein structure, place an X on each level that is expected to be altered as a result of the amino acid substitutions shown in Figure 1.d) Explain how the amino acid substitution shown in Figure 1 is most likely to affect the function of Receptor X.
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