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-The Civil War confirmed the single political entity of the United States, led to freedom for more than four million enslaved Americans, established a more powerful and centralized federal government, and laid the foundation for America's emergence as a world power in the 20th century.During the reconstruction period, Congress passed three constitutional amendments that permanently abolished slavery, defined birthright citizenship and guaranteed due process and equal protection under the law, and granted all males the ability to vote by prohibiting voter discrimination based on race, color, or previous condition.-New territories gave the country access to greater natural resources and the Pacific trade. But the acquisition of new territories also revived the debate over slavery and its expansion, an issue that would lead to the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861.

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