Pathophysiology Questions
Explore questions in the Pathophysiology category that you can ask Spark.E!
Which type of necrosis has a chalky white appearance caused by lipase degradation into fatty acids and calcium?
Hypersensitivity type I:- Within minutes, the allergen is introduced, helper T-cells become activated and stimulate B cells to make _____ which binds _____ cells sensitizing them, they then secrete mediators that cause reactions - Ex. _____ rhinitis and sinusitis (hay fever), _____, _____
T cell activation/exhaustion:- _____ viral infection: Virus-specific CD8+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells and memory cells --> Viral _____- _____ viral infection: CD8+ T cells initially respond but begin to express inhibitory receptors --> Viral _____
Primary or Secondary antibody response?- 1-3 day lag after immunization- larger peak response- increase in IgG, IgA, or IgE- higher antibody affinity (affinity maturation)
Types of immunity: - First line: _____ defense- Second line: _____ (internal defense)- Third defense: _____ and _____ immunity
Which type of affinity maturation is characterized by mainly IgM, low-affinity antibodies, and short-lived plasma cells?
Which type of affinity maturation is characterized by isotype-switching, high-affinity antibodies, memory B cells, and long-lived plasma cells?
Mechanisms of shock: - Cellular hypoxia due to: reduced tissue _____/oxygen delivery, increased oxygen _____, and inadequate oxygen utilization - This in turn causes: cell membrane _____ _____ dysfunction, intracellular _____, and inadequate regulation of intracellular _____
Primary or Secondary antibody response?- 5-10 day lag after immunization- smaller peak response- IgM > IgG- lower antibody affinity
Pathogenesis of DIC: - Coagulation and fibrinolysis become abnormally (often massively) _____ in the blood vessels --> Ongoing _____ and _____
Antiviral actions:- Purpose: to inhibit _____ of the virus at different stages - Mechanism: Virus-infected cell and virus-engulfed dendritic cells produce _____ _____ _____ --> Type I IFN binds to its receptor on virus-infected or uninfected cell --> Production of enzymes to inhibit protein _____, viral gene _____, virion assembly, and degrade viral _____ --> Inhibition of viral replication (antiviral state)
Shock physiology: - _____ _____ and blood pressure are altered - _____ and systemic _____ _____ decrease
Which stage of shock is characterized by irreversible organ damage, multiple organ failure, and possible death?
Mechanisms of systemic edema: - _____ failure - _____ failure - Reduced _____ _____ pressure
Which type of excessive scarring is an exaggerated process that causes a wound deformity?
Which phlebitis/thrombosis of superficial lower extremity veins is characterized by thrombosis of the femoral veins can cause thromboembolism?
Which stage of shock is characterized by compensatory responses to reduced tissue perfusion?
Which stage of shock is characterized by compensatory responses becoming overwhelmed and signs/symptoms of organ dysfunction appearing?
Ig isotype switching:- Want different classes of antibodies for different situations, so the antibodies will class switch to best suit the situation - IgM: _____ activation - IgG: _____ response, complement activation, _____ immunity - IgE: _____ antigens and _____ cell degradation - IgA: _____ Immunity
Which phlebitis/thrombosis of superficial lower extremity veins is characterized by the presence of pain and inflammation involving a vein in the absence of thrombus?