Which hormone is synthesized by transcription-translation processesDo symptoms present fast of slow with type 2 diabetesIf hormone A can elicit its effects only when hormone B is present, hormone B is a _____ for hormone AIn which tissue does insulin stimulate translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membraneWhat hormone is hydrophilic and circulates free of proteins in plasmaWhat is unlikely associated with a rapidly progressing type 1 diabetic: insulin insensitivity, autoimmune antibodies, ketoacidosis, glucosuriaWhat is a prohormone for peptide hormonesA patient with a low sensitivity to insulin would require ____ insulin for the same responseMidway through the cycle (~ day 12), estrogen stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones (positive feedback). This positive feedback results in a large surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and a lesser surge of FSH. LH causes the dominant follicle to rupture and release an egg (secondary oocyte) - this is called ovulationPrenatal development of male reproductive structures. Once testes are developed by a fetus, they start to secrete testosterone. Testosterone is a steroid hormone. Testosterone causes some regions of the embryo to develop into male reproductive structures. Development of secondary sexual characteristics. Secretion of testosterone by the testes increases at puberty.This causes: Sperm production. Growth of the penis and testes. Pubic, body, and facial hair growth. Increased muscle mass.The endocrine system consists of a number of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood. Examples include the pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and pituitary gland.Hormones are chemical messengers (proteins or steroids) transported around the body in the bloodstream. Hormones cause a change in activity of target cells.Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment. Certain factors (such as blood glucose levels and temperature) must remain within certain limits. If changes occur, mechanisms act to bring these factors back to within original limits (this is called negative feedback).There are two hormones, insulin and glucagon, that are responsible for controlling the blood glucose concentrations in the body. Controlling the blood glucose concentrations is an example of a negative feedback loop. After eating, the bodies blood glucose levels are high. In order to control these levels beta cells of the pancreas release the hormone Insulin, which causes a decrease in blood glucose concentration. Additionally, in the liver it stimulates glycogen synthesis, which promotes glucose uptake by the liver and adipose tissue. This then increases the rate of glucose breakdown by increasing cell respiration rates. After exercising, the bodies blood glucose levels are low. In order to control these levels alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon, which can an increase in blood glucose concentrations. Additionally, in the liver it stimulates glycogen breakdown, which promotes glucose release by the liver and adipose tissue. This then decreases the rate of glucose break down by reducing respiration rates.thicken uterus lining, inhibits LH + FSH for most of the cycle, stimulates FSH + LH release pre-ovulationLeptin is secreted by adipose tissue into the blood. Adipose tissue stores fat in the body. The hypothalamus in the brain is the target for leptin. The hypothalamus is involved in appetite control. An increased amount of adipose tissue (due to increased food consumption) increases the concentration of leptin in the blood. This causes the inhibition of appetite by the hypothalamus. Leptin has been tested as a treatment for obesity in clinical trials. It has shown to be an effective treatment in rare patients who cannot synthesize leptin (due to gene mutation). However, most obese humans have high concentrations of leptin in their blood and are leptin resistant. Clinical trials have had mixed results.LH is produced by the pituitary gland. LH causes follicle cells to make estrogen. Estrogen promotes production of LH. LH produced increases. This LH production continues to increase until ovulation - then follicle cells become the corpus luteum and make progesterone which inhibits LH production.The testis (plural: testes) is responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone (male sex hormone)Melatonin is the hormone responsible for synchronising circadian rhythms and regulates the body's sleep schedule. Melatonin secretion is suppressed by bright light (principally blue wavelengths) and hence levels increase during the nightIncrease in FSH secretion causes follicle development in the ovary. A follicle contains an oocyte (egg) surrounded by a layer of follicle cells. The follicle cells secrete estrogen. Estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken and become highly vascularized. Estrogen inhibits the secretion of FSH (negative feedback). Estrogen promotes the secretion of LH. LH stimulates the follicle cells to secrete more estrogen. More estrogen promotes a surge in LH (positive feedback). Surge in LH causes ovulation.Melatonin controls circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are in built 24-hour (day-night) cycles of activity. The hypothalamus controls the secretion of melatonin. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland (located in the brain). Melatonin levels are high at night, promoting sleep. Melatonin levels are low during the day. If volunteers are placed in continuous dark conditions, the circadian rhythm continues but will extend a little over 24 hours. Light signals that are transmitted to the hypothalamus, allow it to modify the timing of melatonin secretion each day.The ruptured follicle develops into a slowly degenerating corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes high levels of progesterone, as well as lower levels of oestrogen. Estrogen and progesterone act on the uterus to thicken the endometrial lining (in preparation for pregnancy). Estrogen and progesterone also inhibit secretion of FSH and LH, preventing any follicles from developing
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