Routine Testing Basics: Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat & Skin

Visual acuity testing begins with the Snellen chart at 20 feet distance.The patient reads each line, starting from the top, until they can no longer accurately identify the letters.Next, we check pupillary response using a penlight, examining both direct and consensual reflexes.When light is shown in one eye, both pupils should constrict - this is called the direct and consensual reflex.We assess extraocular movements in all cardinal directions to check eye muscle function.For the ear examination, we use an otoscope to visualize the ear canal and tympanic membrane.We check for any inflammation, perforation, or buildup in the ear canal and examine the tympanic membrane.The Weber test is performed by placing a vibrating tuning fork on the center of the forehead.For the Rinne test, we compare air and bone conduction by placing the tuning fork behind the ear and then in front of it.For the external nose examination, we check for any visible deformities or asymmetry.Using a nasal speculum, we perform anterior rhinoscopy to visualize internal structures.The nasal septum should be midline, and the turbinates should be pink and symmetrical.For the throat examination, we use a tongue depressor to visualize the oropharynx.Examine the tonsils for enlargement, redness, or exudates, and check the posterior pharyngeal wall.Finally, we palpate the neck to check for lymphadenopathy, examining all major node groups systematically.Pay special attention to node size, texture, and any tenderness during palpation.For a thorough skin examination, we need to systematically check different body regions.When examining moles, we use the ABCDE criteria to identify suspicious lesions.Let's compare a normal mole to one with suspicious features.When performing the examination, follow these key techniques to ensure thoroughness.Proper documentation is crucial. Record the location, size, and characteristics of any findings.Pay special attention to these high-risk areas during examination.