يتميز غشاء الخلية العصبية بتوزيع غير متساوٍ للأيوناتفي الحالة الطبيعية، يوجد تركيز عالٍ من أيونات البوتاسيوم داخل الخليةوتركيز عالٍ من أيونات الصوديوم خارجهاتحافظ مضخة الصوديوم-بوتاسيوم على هذا التوزيع من خلال نقل الأيونات عبر الغشاءنتيجة لهذا التوزيع غير المتساوي للأيونات، تصبح الخلية مستقطبة بشحنة سالبة تقدر بحوالي سالب سبعين ميلي فولتهذا الفرق في الشحنات يلعب دوراً أساسياً في عمل الخلية العصبيةWhen a strong stimulus reaches the neuron, it triggers the action potential mechanism.The stimulus causes voltage-gated sodium channels to open.Let's track the membrane voltage changes during this process.Sodium ions rapidly flow into the cell through the open channels.As sodium enters, the membrane potential rapidly rises from negative seventy millivolts to positive thirty millivolts. This is called the rising phase of the action potential.This rapid depolarization is a key characteristic of the action potential.At the peak of the action potential, when the membrane voltage reaches positive thirty millivolts, sodium channels begin to close.The sodium channels enter an inactive state, preventing any more sodium ions from entering the cell.Simultaneously, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the cell.As potassium ions move out of the cell, they create an outward current that returns the membrane potential back to its resting state.The cell now enters a refractory period, during which it cannot generate another action potential.During this time, the sodium-potassium pump works to restore the original ion concentrations.The pump moves sodium ions out and potassium ions back in, preparing the cell for the next potential action potential.Once ion concentrations are restored, the cell will be ready to respond to new stimuli.
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